从效用视角审视人工树洞的研究与设计

Study and Design of Artificial Tree-Cavity from the Perspective of Utility

巢箱作为人工树洞在世界各地广泛应用已经超过百年,但巢箱内温度与耐用寿命等原因导致实际效用较差。未来的人工树洞设计应更接近天然树洞,使用弧形外表构造以均匀获得太阳辐射并减小风阻;使用模块化部件以适应不同招引物种对不同功能部件的需求;使用高强度、非亲水性、防紫外线的耐候性防火材料做外壳;使用低导热系数的可塑性轻质材料做人工树洞的内芯。使用能够补偿树干径向变化固定方式,增设顶部防撞设施以减轻落枝破坏;尝试使用活体攀援类植物做固定材料以增加附着寿命;使用非损伤性固定方式来连接人工树洞与载体;设计摩擦力大的背板结构,从增加与附着物连接部位摩擦的角度来减轻附着设备的受力,进而延长使用寿命。使用太阳能供电的微加热装置,便于提高越冬巢的热效用;加装移动通讯信号接收器和相应程序,可使用远程遥控来控制巢箱表面颜色或太阳反射及通风口,以满足目标物种在不同季节的热生理需求。新的设计通过疲劳测试与耐候性测试后再投入野外使用,并根据回馈的野外持续监测数据来进一步修正各类影响因素的设计;综合运用流体力学、材料学、建筑环境学、设计艺术学原理和知识不断完善人工树洞的设计。

Although a nest box has been widely used as artificial tree-cavity over the world for more than a century, the actual utility is unsatisfactory due to the inside temperature and durable life of nest box or other reasons. We suggest that the future artificial tree-cavity design should be closer to the natural tree-cavity, a curved exterior structure should be used to uniformly obtain solar radiation evenly and reduce wind resistance;Modular components should be used to meet the needs of different functional components for different attracting species;High strength, non-hydrophilic, UV-resistant, weather-proof, and fireproof materials are recommended for the exterior of artificial tree-cavity. The plastic lightweight material with low thermal conductivity are recommended to be used as the core of artificial tree-cavity;A fixed method which can compensate the radial variation of trunk should be used;A top anti-collision facility is recommended to be added to reduce the damage of falling branches;Living climbing plants used as fixing materials may increase attachment life;A non-destructive fixation method is recommended to connect the artificial tree-cavity with the carrier;The back plate structure with high friction force is to designed to reduce the force on the attachment equipment by increasing the friction with the attachment, so as to extend its service life;A solar powered micro-heating device should be used to improve the thermal efficiency of the overwintering nest;A mobile communication signal receiver and the corresponding program can be used to control the nest box surface color or solar reflection and vent to meet with the demand of thermal physiology of the target species in different seasons by remote control;The newly designed artificial tree-cavity should be put into use in the field after passing the fatigue test and the weather resistance test, and should to further modify the design of various influencing factors according to the feedback field continuous monitoring data;The principle and knowledge of fluid mechanics, materials science, architectural environment science and design art should be used to further improve the design of artificial tree-cavity.