论王阳明及其后学的“狂者胸次”

On“Craziness”of Wang Yangming and Yangming-School

晚明文人、学者中出现了一批"狂士",而以王阳明及其后学最为突出。王阳明提出的"狂者胸次",对阳明后学的影响至为深远。王阳明及其后学对"狂"灌注了积极的含义,但内涵却各具特色。在王阳明与王畿那里,"狂"为光明磊落、富于进取与独立人格之意;王艮、颜钧的"狂",为出位之思及由此而来的行动;何心隐之"狂",体现在对理想社会的践履上,不惜以身殉道;李贽自居"疏狂",向世人挑明了对"直行己志"的独立人格的追求。除王畿外,其他四人在不同程度上发展与丰富了王阳明的"狂者胸次"的思想。他们不变更自我的志向以攀附权贵,高尚人格得到后世的好评,他们是晚明时代学者中追求理想与个性解放的真实反映,是研究王阳明及其后学的重要方面。

In the late Ming dynasty, there appeared a group of "crazy people" literati and scholars, and Wang Yangming and some of his students were the most prominent representatives. The "craziness" proposed by Wang Yangming has far-reaching influence on Yangming-School. Wang Yangming and his students permeated the positive meaning into "craziness", but the connotations have their own characteristics. As for Wang Yangming and Wang Ji,"craziness" means openness, exuberance and independent personality, the actions behind the thought for Wang Gen and Yan Jun , and devotion of life to the practice of ideal society for He Xinyin. Li Zhi, claimed as "crazy man" by himself, has clarified the pursuit of the independent personality of "going straightforward" to the world. In addition to Wang Hao, the other four people have developed and enriched Wang Yangming's "craziness". They do not change their ambitions to climb the dignitaries, and the noble personality is therefore well received by later generations. Their behaviors are the true reflection of the pursuit of ideals and individual liberation among the scholars of the late Ming Dynasty, and are important aspects of studying Wang Yangming and his later thoughts.