病毒感染调控巨噬细胞极化分子机制的研究进展

Advances in molecular mechanisms of viral infection induced macrophage polarization

固有免疫是机体抵御病原微生物入侵的第一道防线。巨噬细胞(macrophages, Mφ)在机体中分布广泛并具有十分活跃的生物学功能,在宿主抗病毒固有免疫应答过程中发挥重要作用。既往研究集中于Mφ的吞噬功能及抗原提呈作用,而近年来研究发现,不同活化模式的Mφ对病毒感染后机体的炎症反应具有双重调控作用,Mφ的极化状态与病毒感染性疾病的发生和转归关系密切。病毒感染急性期,Mφ向M1方向极化,M1型Mφ可促进炎症反应,辅助机体清除病原体,但其过度活化可引起细胞因子风暴,加重组织的免疫病理损伤;随着病毒感染相关疾病的进展,Mφ向M2方向极化,M2型Mφ可通过分泌多种抑炎因子发挥免疫调控作用,参与组织修复,亦与感染慢性化密切相关。不同种类的病毒感染机体后可以诱导Mφ向不同方向极化,但其具体调控机制目前尚不清楚。现就Mφ极化在病毒感染过程中的作用及其调控机制作一概述,为相关疾病的发病机制研究奠定理论基础,并为治疗策略的研发提供新的思路。

Innate immunity is the first line of defense against the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms.Macrophages (M φ),widely distributed in hosts with active biological functions,play an important role in the innate immune responses against viral infection.Previous studies mainly focused on the phagocytic and antigen presenting function of macrophages,while recent researches found that M φ in different activation modes could modulate the inflammatory responses during viral infection.At the acute stage of viral infection,macrophages turn to M1,facilitate host inflammation and promote pathogen clearance,which would also aggravate tissue immune pathological injury.With the progress of viral infetion associated diseases,macrophages turn to M2,secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines and promote tissue repair,which could lead to chronic viral infection.The polarization mode from macrophages is highly involved with the virus species,while it still remains ambiguous on how the virus infection shape macrophage activation pattern.Here,we summarize the function of macrophage polarization against virus invasion and the involved molecular mechanisms,which would provide a theoretical basis for the pathogenesis and treatment of virus-associated diseases.