贵州省石阡鸳鸯湖国家湿地公园越冬鸳鸯数量、分布及日行为初探

Quantity, Distribution and Daily Behavior of Wintering Aix galericulata in Shiqian Mandarin Duck Lake National Wetland Park, Guizhou

为了解贵州省石阡鸳鸯湖国家湿地公园越冬鸳鸯Aix galericulata的种群密度、日行为特征及人为干扰对其的影响,于2017年10月—2018年3月,采用直接计数法对鸳鸯数量、性比及人为干扰下的种群密度进行了22次调查。越冬中期,种群数量稳定在755只±17只,性比为1.14∶1,各条河沟的数量之间的差异具有高度统计学意义(X^2=84.041,df=5,P<0.01),即大河、小河与坝坎为鸳鸯分布及活动的主要区域;种群密度与人为干扰次数呈极显著负相关(R=-0.799,n=90,P<0.01),在人为干扰次数为1次±1次的区域,种群密度为42只/hm^2±3只/hm^2～53只/hm^2±14只/hm^2,当人为干扰次数达到7次±3次时,几乎没有鸳鸯活动。同时采用瞬时扫描法对鸳鸯的8种越冬行为进行了34 d(442 h)的观察,共记录各行为136 933次。取食、休息和修整为鸳鸯的主要行为;除了修整,鸳鸯在保育区与非保育区的各行为时间分配差异有高度统计学意义(P<0.01);越冬日行为节律极具规律性,取食高峰在07∶00—08∶00、14∶00—15∶00和17∶00—18∶00;休息高峰在13∶00—14∶00和15∶00—16∶00;飞行高峰在06∶00—07∶00(飞回湖区)和18∶00—19∶00(飞往夜栖地);修整在各时间段发生均较为频繁。

In order to explore the population size, daily behavior characteristics and influence of human disturbance on the population density of wintering Aix galericulata in Shiqian Mandarin Duck Lake National Wetland Park, Guizhou province, direct counting method was used for 22 surveys on the quantity, distribution, sex ratio and population density under human disturbance of wintering A. galericulata in the reservoir wetlands (including 6 small ditches, such as Mahuanggou, Bakan, Xiaohe, Dahe, Liangchahe and Budaoqu) from October 2017 to March 2018. The results showed that the population size of A. galericulata was stable at 755±17 and the average sex ratio was 1.14:1 in the midterm of wintering period. There was an extremely significant difference among the population sizes of 6 small ditches (χ^2=84.041, df=5, P<0.01). The main population was distributed in Dahe, Xiaohe and Bakan. There was an extremely significant negative correlation between the population density of A. galericulata and the daily human disturbances (R=-0.799, n=90, P<0.01). The population density of A. galericulata ranged from 42 individuals/hm^2 ±3 individuals/hm^2 to 53 individuals/hm^2 ±14 individuals/hm^2 in the areas where the daily human disturbances were 1±1, however, almost no A. galericulata was detected when the daily human disturbances were 7±3. The instantaneous scanning method was then used to monitor the 8 behaviors of wintering A. galericulata for 34 d (442 h), and the behavior frequencies were recorded for 136 933 times. Feeding, resting and dressing were the main behaviors, while walking was the least. Except dressing, there was an extremely significant difference on the time budget among the other 7 behaviors (P<0.01) between conservation areas and non-conservation areas. Daily behavior rhythm of wintering A. galericulata had an obvious regularity, such as feeding peaked at 07:00-08:00, 14:00-15:00 and 17:00-18:00, resting peaked at 13:00-14:00 and 15:00-16:00, flying peaked at 06:00-07:00 and 18:00-19:00, and dressing occurred frequently all the time.