毁约:林权流转纠纷中的“不完备合同”

Breach of Contract:Uncertain Contracts in the Disputes of Forest Property Right Circulation

近年来林地流转呈加速倾向,各种公司、企业、林业大户在与林农的合同签订中,往往能以极低价格转入林地使用权。随着履约过程中信息的逐渐透明,利益受损的林农为避免过度损害,往往采取毁约的行为。从"不确定合同"视角,对江西赣中林区的毁约现象进行分析,认为林业合同具有"不完备合同"的特征,本质上是地方社会关系的呈现。由于这种不完备合同嵌入在地方社会关系之中,一方面使外来资本凭借各种身份与地方权力相互支持,获得优势地位并大大节省缔结合约的成本,在履约中也能够保持优势地位,造成了资方与林农在正式合同关系中的不平等地位;另一方面,随着林农信息获取和议价能力的提高,对于合同所造成的实际损害和弱势地位,林农也能够依赖不完备合同所搭建的"治理"框架,并凭借多年的集体行动经验,来保护自己的利益,并给予毁约以正当性。

In recent years, the circulation of forestland tends to accelerate. When signing contract with forest farmers, the companies, enterprises and large forestry enterprises can transfer the forestland usufruct at a very low price. With the gradual transparency of information in the process of contract fulfillment, the forest farmers whose interests are damaged often break the contract to avoid excessive loss. Taking the forest area in central part of Jiangxi province as an example, this paper analyzes the phenomenon of contract violation from the perspective of "uncertain contract". Because the uncertain contract is embedded in the local social relations, the foreign capital can obtain the dominant position and greatly save the cost by relying on the support of the local officials.Also, they can maintain the superiority in the contract fulfillment, which results in the inequality between the investors and the forest farmers in the formal contract relationship. On the other hand, forest farmers have improved their information acquisition and bargaining ability, so when the contract leads to actual damage and unfavorable situation, forest farmers can also rely on the governance framework established by uncertain contract and years of collective action experiences to protect their own interests and give legitimacy to their breach of contract.