天台智者疾病观与佛道交融

Zhiyi's Concept of Diseases and the Interaction Between Buddhism and Taoism

智顗创立天台宗教义,常借治病讲述他的止观禅修体系。《摩诃止观》《次第禅门》和《童蒙止观》讨论治病的部分,集中体现了智顗的疾病观,反映出当时佛教与道教、印度医学与中国医学交融的历史图景。智顗综合运用印度"四大"和中国"五藏"等术语诠释病相、病因,融会源自佛教、道教和民间方术的各种治病方法,包括汤药、六气治病法、十二息治病法、止心、假想、持咒和忏悔等,形成一个以中医为基础、融合印度佛教医学、兼具宗教与世俗特点的医疗文化系统。他的佛教医学在技术上因循中国传统的"调和"观念,在思想上则以佛教的"观心"为根本。

Zhiyi (智顗)established the Tiantai Sect (天台宗)with its teachings, and often talked about his meditation system while treating an illness. The sections on the treatment of diseases in Maha Samatha (《摩诃止观》),Initial Approach to the Chan Sect (《次第禅门》)and Children9 s Samatha (《童蒙止观》),embody Zhiyi' s view of diseases, and reflect the historical prospect of the interaction of Buddhism with Taoism and the integration of Indian medicine with Chinese medicine at that time. Zhiyi comprehensively utilized the terms of "four great elements"(“四大”)from India and "five internal organs"("五藏”)in China to interpret various diseases and their causes, and integrated various methods of treatment derived from Buddhism, Taoism and folk prescriptions, including decoction , six-qi therapy (六气治病法),twelve-breath therapy (十二息治病法),mind cessation (止心),illusionary imagination (假想),reciting mantras (持咒)and making confessions, thus forming a medical-cultural system on the basis of traditional Chinese medicine integrated with Indian Buddhist medicine, which is with both religious and temporal characteristics. His Buddhist medicine technically followed the traditional Chinese concept of "harmony" in medical treatment and ideologically took the Buddhist "mind contemplationn as a genuine end of all treatments.