试析罗素对个体主义自由的探索

Russell's Exploration of Individual' Freedom

罗素对自由的追求,建基于他对人性的认识和对自由的理解。"自由"是文艺复兴运动之后政治哲学中的重要范畴,罗素是从个体主义或原子主义的立场来理解自由,在他看来,实现自由的过程就是排除政治和社会障碍的过程。马克思自由观偏向公共社会、公共政治,而罗素偏向自由的具体主体——个人。罗素赞成马克思关于价值冲突根源于私有制的说法,也认为应该消灭私有制,实行财产公有制来克服利益的不平等。从罗素确立的自由目标来看,自由主要包括本能自由、思想自由、个性自由、政治自由。实现这些自由的路径各有不同,但这些目标不是孤立的,而是彼此关联、相辅相成的关系。本能自由是人自由中的最低要求,也是最容易实现和容易被剥夺的自由。政治自由在这些自由的目标中具有优先性,因为它极大地影响其他自由的实现。因此,罗素主要深入社会制度环境分析中解除政治和社会组织对自由的束缚。罗素的自由观具有浓厚的非理性色彩和个人主义色彩,因而具有片面性。

Russell’s pursuit of freedom is based on his understanding of human nature and freedom."Freedom" is an important category in political philosophy after the Renaissance. Russell understands freedom from the standpoint of individualism or atomism. In his view, the process of realizing freedom is the process of removing political and social obstacles. Marx’s view of freedom inclines to public society and public politics, while Russell inclines to the specific subject of freedom--the individual. Russell agrees with Marx’s view that the conflict of values is rooted in private ownership. He also believes that private ownership should be eliminated and property public ownership should be implemented to overcome the inequality of interests. From the point of view of Russell’s goal of freedom,it mainly includes instinctive freedom, ideological freedom, individual freedom and political freedom, which are achieved in different ways. But these goals are not isolated, rather, interrelated and mutually reinforcing.Instinctive freedom is the lowest requirement of human freedom, and also the most easily realized and deprived freedom. Political freedom is prior to others because of its effect on others. Therefore, Russell intends to release the bondage of political and social organizations to freedom by analyzing social system environment. This paper systematically interprets Russell’s concept of freedom, which has important ideological value for the overall construction of social form and the construction of individual spiritual structure. His view of freedom is irrational and individualized, so it is one-sided.