论司各脱的意志观

On Scotus's theory of will

意志在西方思想史中地位重要,它与理智的关系引发了学界的诸多争论。以司各脱为代表的中世纪的意志学说不同于古典希腊和近现代的意志学说,既非唯理智论,亦非唯意志论。要理解司各脱的意志学说,首先需要明确意志的本体存在,可从意志的内在结构、形而上的本体证明以及意志在行动中的决定作用等三个方面进行阐释;其次需要理清意志与理智、意志与自然的关系,可从"自由与必然的张力"和"决定自身与否"这两个维度进行阐释。司各脱关于"意志优先理智"的论调并非表明意志在本体论上优先于理智,而是指外在行动引发过程中的意志优先,意志和理智在本体论上实则地位等同。

Will plays an important role in the history of western ideology,and its relationship with reason triggers numerous disputes in the academic circle.The theory of will in the Middle Ages which is represented by Scotus differs from that of classical Greece and of modern time,and it is neither rationalism nor voluntarism.To understand Duns Scotus’s theory of will,firstly,it is necessary to clarify the ontological existence of will,which can be explained from three aspects:the inner structure of will,the metaphysical proof,and the decisive role of will in action.Secondly,the relationship between will and reason as well as will and nature needs to be clarified,which can be explained from two dimensions:the tension between freedom and necessity,and the effect of self-determining.Scotus’s argument about"will is prior to intellect"does not indicate that will takes ontological precedence over reason,but that will is preferred in the process of action triggering,and that will and reason are equal in ontology.