水产品中微囊藻毒素检测方法及污染状况研究进展

Progress on study of detection methods and pollution condition of microcystins in aquatic products

微囊藻毒素(MCs)是蓝藻水华中产生的一类具有环境持久性的生物毒素,可对水环境生态系统造成潜在危害,水体及水生生物中的MCs残留经食物链传递最终会对人体健康产生不良影响。文章采用文献综述法,对MCs的毒性及其在水产品中的检测分析方法与污染状况进行了总结分析,并对MCs的检测技术开发与应用进行了展望。结果发现:1)MCs对水生动物肝脏有明显的毒性作用,可通过改变免疫酶活性、降低淋巴细胞活力及免疫因子基因表达的方式影响水生生物免疫功能; 2)目前常见的MCs检测方法研究多针对游离态MCs,而结合态的MCs不易完全提取,因此,难以准确检测样品中MCs总量。开发高效、安全、环保和灵敏的MCs总量的检测分析方法,将是日后重要研究方向之一; 3)全球地下水、地表水甚至海洋环境等水体中均检测到了MCs,多种淡水产品(如鱼、虾和贝)中广泛检出MCs,部分地区海产品中也发现MCs的存在,且MCs残留量与季节、品种和环境等因素相关。上述结果说明,水体及水产品中MCs污染不容忽视,应加强水体及水产品中MCs的残留监测及风险评估。[中国渔业质量与标准,2019,9(2):32-43]

Microcystins (MCs) produced by cyanobacteria blooms potent and environmentally persistent biotoxins, which has been a potential threat to aquatic ecosystems. The residual MCs in water and aquatic organisms can be transmitted to humans via food chain and endanger human health. Based on the research progress in domestic and overseas, the paper summarized MCs toxicity, their detection methods in aquatic products and pollution condition. Moreover, it also prospected the development direction for MCs detection techniques and their application. The results show that: 1) MCs has obvious toxic effect on aquatic liver and influence immune function of aquatic organisms by the alteration of immuno-enzymatic activity, the decrease of lymphocyte viability and the gene expression of immune factors. 2) At present, the common detection methods of MCs are mostly for free MCs not for total MCs, because it is difficult to completely extract the binding MCs from samples. Therefore, developing efficient, safe, environmentally-friendly and sensitive detection methods for total MCs is one of the most important research directions in future. 3) MCs has been detected in surface water, ground water and even marine environment all over the world, also been widely found in freshwater aquatic products (including fish, shrimp and shellfish) and some marine products. MCs residues are influenced by season, species and environment. The results suggest that the pollution of MCs in water and aquatic organisms is indispensable and it is necessary to strengthen the surveillance residues and risk evaluation for MCs.