现代社会资本和劳动的关系——兼评《社会主义改革的实质是重建劳动和资本的关系》

The Relationship between Capital and Labor in Modern Society: Also as a Review of The Essence of Socialist Reform Is to Reconstruct the Relationship between Labor and Capital

作为人类社会第二阶段的现代社会,是资本主义生产方式居于支配地位的社会形态。马克思经济理论中的基本范畴和揭示的经济规律,没有过时,既适合于西方国家和一般发展中国家,也适合于走上了社会主义道路的后发展国家。资本作为一种经济关系产生于劳动和所有权的分离,而不是劳动。价值的唯一源泉是生产商品的活劳动,一切非劳动要素和物化劳动都不创造新价值。资本和劳动共处于资本主义生产方式之中,互相依存,但二者是对立的关系。社会分工和私有制是同一种关系的两个方面,是同一定的生产力相适应的,但又是阶级社会弊病的根源。阶级是由私有制和分工(尤其是物质劳动和精神劳动的分工)产生的,而不是单纯由脑体分工产生的。现代市场经济是以资本和雇佣劳动为基础、以资本增殖为直接目的的经济形式,绝不可能体现按劳分配原则。中国的改革作为"第二次革命",其实质和目的在于纠正超阶段的错误,有节制地发展"资本的生产力",为社会主义创造物质条件,但资本的本来性质不会改变。

As the second stage of human society, modern society is the social formation in which the capitalist mode of production dominates. Far from being outdated, the basic conceptions and the revealed economic laws in Marxist economic theory are adaptable both to western countries and ordinary developing countries, and to developing countries chose the socialist path. Capital as an economic relationship originates not from labor but from the separation between labor and ownership. The only source for value is living labor that produces commodities. No new value is created by any non-labor factors or materialized labor. Capital and labor coexist and interdepend in the capitalist mode of production but with a contradictory relationship. Social division of labor and private ownership are two faces of the same relationship adaptive to given productive forces while being the origin for maladies in class societies. Classes originate not from mere division of mental and manual labors, but from private ownership and the division of labor, especially the division between material labor and intellectual labor. Modern market economy is an economic formation, based on capital and employed labor while aiming at capital appreciation, that is impossible to embody the principle of distribution according to one’s work. As “the second revolution”, the reform in China lays its essence and aim on correcting the mistake of overstepping the stage, developing “the productive forces of capital” in a restraint manner, and creating material conditions for socialism. However, the nature of capital will never change.