健康公平视角下社区体育设施分布绩效评价——以上海市中心城区为例

Performance Assessment of the Distribution of Community Sports Facility from the Perspective of Healthy Equity——A Case Study of the Central City of Shanghai

2016年国家颁布《健康中国2030纲要》,强调以公平公正为基本原则,推动健康领域基本公共服务均等化,实现健康服务全覆盖的目标。在此健康公平视角下,本文以上海市中心城区为研究范围,对其社区层面体育设施的分布进行公平绩效的定量评价。研究采用基尼系数,从设施空间可达性和供应量两方面,进行体育资源分配的公平性评价。研究发现,上海市中心城区社区体育设施在基于空间可达性的服务覆盖方面较为均等;但在以街道委员会管辖范围为分析单元的地均和人均设施供应量方面,不均等程度明显增加。研究进而选取人均体育设施供应量,进行了设施分布公平绩效的空间差异分析。发现其存在圈层式空间格局,即外环—中环—内环的社区体育设施分布的公平绩效依次降低;同时浦东地区的绩效优于浦西。研究基于社区体育设施分布的评判绩效评价,为健康城市规划和建设提供依据。

The national policy “Healthy China 2030 Outline” announced in 2016 has highlighted equity and justice as the basic principles to promote the equalization of basic public health service and achieve its full coverage. As health equity is an important issue in the development of healthy city, the confi guration and layout of sports facilities infl uences the equity of residents’ accessibility to health resources. Studies on the distribution of public facilities carried out since the 1980s have basically covered the main types of public service facilities including urban parks and green space, medical facilities, public transportation facilities, etc. However, few researches has focused on sports facilities. From the perspective of the healthy equity. This paper quantitatively evaluates the performance of distribution of sports facilities at community level with the central city of Shanghai as the study site. First of all, this paper analyzes the coverage area of service based on the calculation of accessibility, and the supply based on the floor area per capita and the the floor area per sq.meter of sports facilities within a community. The study discovers that the areas with highest coverage of service are located in the southeastern part of Pudong, while the lowest coverage areas mainly in Puxi, especially in Jing’an District and Huangpu District. It presents an overall balance of the accessibility for the entire central city of Shanghai, while the inner city is lower than the periphery, the north area is higher than south area, and the Pudong is higher than Puxi. Meanwhile, the fl oor area of sports facility per capita presents a gradual increase from the inner city to the periphery, when the fl oor area per sq. meter shows the opposite pattern. By calculating the Gini coeffi cient, this paper discovers that the allocation of sports facilities reaches a relatively equal level based on spatial accessibility while it increases signifi cantly in terms of the fl oor area per capita and the fl oor area per sq. meter within each community. More specifically in spatial distribution of the floor area per capita, the Gini coefficient of Pudong presents lower than that of Puxi while inner city presents higher than the periphery. Healthy urban planning needs to consider the allocation of various health-related public service facilities. The methodology of evaluating equity performance in the distribution of sports facilities adopted in this paper provides a basis for its planning. It also illustrates that the healthy equity of public facilities not only needs to be reflected in the layout of physical entities, but also requires to consider the distribution of the population. Only when better understanding and measuring the equity performance of facility accessibility and supply, would better planning of public facilities for healthy cities be achieved.