美国对南海“航行自由”问题的安全化建构及中国应对

The U.S. Securitization of Freedom of Navigation in the South China Sea and China’s Countermeasures

安全化理论是哥本哈根学派的核心理论,其主要论点是安全并非客观既定而是"言语-行为"的主体间社会建构,任何问题都能被主观建构成安全问题。安全化包括三种建构路径:话语凸显与安全化启动、话语框定与安全化传播、话语定位与安全化行动。南海"航行自由"本不是安全问题,但近年来美国试图将之安全化。美国作为安全化主体,有意通过"话语凸显"方式宣布南海"航行自由"存在威胁;借助媒体载体渲染所谓的安全威胁,并进行"话语框定"将其定位成国家利益;最后通过"话语定位"采取行动措施应对,从而使南海"航行自由"迅速演变成中美乃至国际社会的焦点问题。美国较为成功的安全化取决于其拥有强大的传播和动员能力以及得天独厚的国内制度优势,并利用了南海安全困境下争端相关国家的忧虑情绪。鉴于此,中国需进行"去安全化"努力,促使美国的安全化只是一种主观意图。

Securitization is the core theory of the Copenhagen school,of which the main argument is that security is a social construction between“speech act”agents rather than objectively established,and any problem could be subjectively constructed as a security problem.Securitization includes three procedures:discursive salience and securitization initiation,discursive framing and securitization communication,as well as discursive positioning and securitization measure.In recent years,the U.S.has attempted to propose freedom of navigation(FON)in the South China Sea as a security issue.As the securitization agent,the U.S.intends to highlight the threats to FON in the south china sea.At the same time,it takes advantage of the media reports to exaggerate the so-called security threats and asserts FON as its national interests.Since then,the U.S.has taken measures to deal with the threats,and FON in the South China Sea has rapidly become the focus of China-U.S.relations as well as the international community.The success of the U.S.securitization depends on its strong capabilities of communication and mobilization,as well as its unique domestic institutional advantages,and it takes advantage of concerns of the countries involved in the South China Sea issue confronted with a security dilemma.In view of this,China needs to make efforts in de-securitization,rendering the U.S.securitization only a subjective intention.