法国与门户开放政策

France and the Open Door Policy

19世纪末的门户开放政策,长期以来被学术界视为英、美特别是美国的对华政策。其实,"门户开放"与"势力范围"一样,很大程度上是当时列强面对的一个共同政策选项。尽管法国内部围绕这两个政策曾出现三种不同意见,但法国政府对美国三次门户开放照会的反应和积极态度,表明它最终采取了在维持自己势力范围的前提下支持和拥护门户开放政策。法国拥护门户开放政策的动机,一方面是由于法国在列强瓜分中国势力范围的竞争中未能取得优势地位,不满足于既得权益,期待借助门户开放政策扩大法国在华利益;另一方面也是为了促成列强共同出兵镇压义和团运动,同时防止其他列强乘机获取中国领土。"势力范围"和"门户开放"对法国政府来说,只是两种不同的侵华方式,彼此并不矛盾,各有其目的和用途。

Academics have long seen the open door policy of the end of the nineteenth century as referring to British and American foreign policy,especially America’s China policy.In fact,like“spheres of influence,”the open door policy option was to a great extent common among the great powers.Within France,however,there were however,three different positions on the two policies.The French government’s positive reaction to America’s three open door notes indicated that it would ultimately adopt the open door policy provided its own sphere of influence was protected;hence it supported and endorsed the open door policy.Given that France was dissatisfied by its inability to obtain an advantageous position in the Western powers’division of China into spheres of influence,it hoped to use the open door policy to expand its interests in China.At the same time,it was also motivated by the wish to get the Western powers to suppress the Boxers while preventing them from taking the opportunity to seize Chinese territory.For the French government,spheres of influence and the open door policy were simply different forms of aggression against China.There was no contradiction between them,and each had its own purpose and uses.