丝路叶尔羌-拉达克段商路及贸易的历史考述

A Study of the Yarkand-Ladakh Trade Route on Silk Road

丝绸之路是联系亚欧大陆的古商道,其状犹如网络,其中新疆南部叶尔羌通往西藏西部拉达克列城的商道,是古丝路通往南亚的重要支路。叶尔羌—拉达克段曾有过比较繁荣的贸易往来,尽管其间商道极其艰险。昆仑山脉和喀喇昆仑山脉之间的赛图拉是此商道的枢纽,叶尔羌至赛图拉主要有桑株、奇灵和玉喇阿里克三条道;赛图拉至列城主要有昌器利满和喀喇昆伦达坂两条道,今天新疆—西藏现代公路大体就是沿叶城—玉喇阿里克—赛图拉—昌器利满,再转西走向拉萨。清政府对来自拉达克商人征收商税不重,叶尔羌—拉达克两地贸易的内容主要是贵重商品的互换。清末,拉达克被英人所占,叶尔羌—拉达克段贸易仍在继续,但它已成为中英间的国际贸易。抗战时期,国民政府曾启用过这条道运输滞留印度的盟国援华军用物资,或许是这条古道上最辉煌的一幕。

Silk Road is the ancient trade route that linked Eurasian continent just like a network. The trade route from Yarkand in southern Xinjiang to Ladakh in western Tibet is an important branch of ancient Silk Road to South Asia. Though with hardships and dangers on the trade route,there were busy tradings along Yarkand-Ladakh section. Shahidolla,a small town between the two high mountains,namely Kunlun and Karakoram,was a hub on the route. There were three ways from Yarkand to Shahidolla,namely Sanju,Kiliyan and Yul-erik roads. Shahidolla was linked to Ladakh mainly by the Changchenrimo road and Karakorum daban road. Modern Xinjiang-Tibet Road goes by and large along the Karghalik-Yul-erik-Shahidolla-Changchenrimo route,then goes west to Lahsa. The Qing government levied moderate trade tax on traders from Ladakh. Precious goods were mainly traded between Yarkand and Ladakh. Before the end of the Qing Dynasty,Ladakh was occupied by the British,but trade along Yarkand-Ladakh route continued,however,it had become international trade between China and Britain. During the Anti-Japanese War,national government of China transported,through this route,military aid materials from allied nations that were stranded in India,which may be the most glorious scene on the ancient road.