四种植物精油成分对枸杞棉蚜的生物活性

Biological activities of four components of essential oils against the wolfberry aphid (Aphis gossypii)

【目的】研究植物精油4种成分丁香酚(eugenol)、α-松油醇(α-terpineol)、肉桂油(cinnamon oil)和香茅油(citronella oil)对枸杞棉蚜Aphis gossypii的生物活性以及马来酸二乙酯和水杨酸乙酯对这些化合物对枸杞棉蚜毒力的影响,为无公害防治枸杞(Lycium spp.)害虫奠定科学基础。【方法】采用二项选择法测定上述4种精油成分(1%)对枸杞棉蚜无翅成蚜的驱避作用;玻璃管药膜法进行生物测定,评估这4种化合物及其与马来酸二乙酯或水杨酸乙酯的混合液对枸杞棉蚜成蚜的毒力;采用生物化学方法分析这些化合物处理后枸杞棉蚜成蚜乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)和三磷酸腺苷酶(ATPase)的离体活性。【结果】α-松油醇(1%)对枸杞棉蚜无翅成蚜的驱避作用明显,1, 2和3 h的驱避率分别为58.1%, 58.6%和55.7%; 3 h时测试的4种化合物对枸杞棉蚜成蚜的驱避率由大到小依次为α-松油醇>香茅油>肉桂油>丁香酚。丁香酚对枸杞棉蚜成蚜的毒杀作用最强,处理4 h时的LC_(50)值为0.48 mL/L,肉桂油、α-松油醇、香茅油对枸杞棉蚜成蚜的LC_(50)值分别为1.23, 6.24和11.97 mL/L。对枸杞棉蚜成蚜的生物测定结果表明,马来酸二乙酯对香茅油、肉桂油、丁香酚和α-松油醇的增效比分别为2.75, 2.86, 1.78和1.56;水杨酸乙酯对香茅油、肉桂油、丁香酚和α-松油醇的增效比分别为3.41, 2.67, 2.00和1.89。毒力比结果表明,所测定的4种化合物对枸杞棉蚜的毒力相差49.9倍,丁香酚与马来酸二乙酯或水杨酸乙酯的混合液对枸杞棉蚜的触杀毒力最高。4种精油成分对枸杞棉蚜成蚜AChE和ATPase活性有不同的作用,丁香酚对AChE活性的抑制作用最强,但对ATPase活性表现为低浓度促进,高浓度抑制。【结论】α-松油醇对枸杞棉蚜驱避作用最好;丁香酚、α-松油醇、肉桂油和香茅油这4种精油成分对枸杞棉蚜的毒力相差很大;丁香酚与马来酸二乙酯或水杨酸乙酯混合后对枸杞棉蚜的毒力提高,具有进一步开发应用的潜力;所测精油成分对枸杞棉蚜离体AChE和ATPase活性有一定抑制作用。

【Aim】 This study aims to evaluate the biological activities of four components of essential oils,namely eugenol,α-terpineol,cinnamon oil and citronella oil,to the wolfberry aphid ( Aphis gossypii ),and the effect of diethyl maleate and ethyl salicylate on the toxicity of these compounds to A. gossypii,so as to provide a scientific basis for more effective and green ways to prevent and control insect pests of the Chinese wolfberry,Lycium spp.【Methods】 The repellent activity of the above four component compounds of essential oils to apterous adults of A. gossypii originated from Chinese wolfberry were tested by dichotomous choice method. The toxicity of these compounds to A. gossypii adults was evaluated by the method of residual film in glass tube. The in vitro activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) of A. gossypii adults treated with these compounds were tested by bicochemical analysis.【Results】α-Terpineol (1%) showed remarkable repellency to apterous adults of A. gossypii,with the repellent rates of 58.1%,58.6% and 55.7% at 1,2 and 3 h after treatment,respectively. The repellent rate of the four compounds against A. gossypii adults at 3 h ranked in the descending order as α-terpineol>citronella oil>cinnamon oil>eugenol. Eugenol showed the highest toxicity to A. gossypii adults,with the LC 50 value of 0.48 mL/L at 4 h post treatment,while the LC 50 values of cinnamon oil,α-terpineol and citronella oil to A. gossypii adults were 1.23,6.24 and 11.97 mL/L,respectively. The bioassay results against A. gossypii adults showed that the synergistic ratios of diethyl maleate to citronella oil,cinnamon oil,eugenol and α-terpineol were 2.75,2.86,1.78 and 1.56,respectively,while those of ethyl salicylate to citronella oil,cinnamon oil,eugenol and α-terpineol were 3.41,2.67,2.00 and 1.89,respectively. The toxicity ratios showed that the toxicities of the four compounds to A. gossypii adults had 49.9-fold difference. Eugenol mixed with diethyl maleate or ethyl salicylate showed the highest contact toxicity to A. gossypii adults. The four compounds tested had different effects on the activities of AChE and ATPase of A. gossypii adults. Eugenol had an inhibitory effect on AChE activity,but enhanced the ATPase activity at low concentrations and inhibited the ATPase activity at high concentrations.【Conclusion】α-Terpineol has high repellent activity against A. gossypii adults. The toxicities of eugenol,α-terpineol,cinnamon oil and citronella oil against A. gossypii adults differ much. Eugenol after mixed with diethyl maleate or ethyl salicylate shows enhanced toxicity to A. gossypii adults and may be a potential agent for controlling aphids. The tested four components of essential oils have certain inhibitory effects on the in vitro activities of AChE and ATPase of A. gossypii adults.