污染环境罪的主观罪过探析

Analysis on Subjective Aspect of Environment Pollution Crime

当前,我国正面临着较为严重的环境污染问题,国家对污染环境行为打击力度也日趋加大,在此背景下,惩处污染环境罪是对严峻形势进行有效控制的重要手段。学界针对环境污染罪的主观罪过提出了故意说、复合罪过说及过失说三种观点,从理论指导实践角度来看,环境污染罪的主观罪过构成还没有详细的解释,导致认定方面存在模糊地带,审判中出现了对主观罪过的判定适用不一的问题。本文立足于有关学说基础上,梳理环境污染罪立法发展和司法实践,将污染环境罪与重大环境污染事故罪的犯罪构成作比较,结合有关案例,从立法、司法双重视角阐释双重罪过说之契合性;提出故意或过失择其一的主观罪过应当被认定为污染环境罪之主观罪过形式。在主观罪过判定层面,主要适用严格责任标准,即起诉方无需证明被告人的主观罪过,只需根据环境污染案件所造成的损害后果,便可判断行为人的主观过错到底是故意还是过失,被告人也可从这个点为自己在主观上无故意或过失行为进行辩护。

China is now facing a serious environmental pollution problem, and the state has increasingly cracked down on environmental pollution behaviors. Under this background, the identification of environmental pollution crime is an important means to effectively control the severe situation. In the view of the subjective sin of environmental pollution crime, the scholars puts forward three viewpoints of intentional theory, compound theory and negligence theory. From the perspective of practices under the guidance of theories, there is no detailed explanation of constituting subjective sin of environmental pollution crime, resulting in a fuzzy area of its identification, and therefore, in the trial, there emerges disputes in the judgment of subjective sin. Based on the relevant doctrines, sorting out the legislative development and judicial practices of environmental pollution crimes, comparing the sins of environmental pollution crimes with the crimes of major environmental pollution accidents, and combining relevant cases, this paper explains the fitting -in of dual crimes from the perspective of legislation and justice, puts forward subjective crime of deliberate or negligent choice should be identified as the subjective sin of the environmental pollution crime. From the aspect of subjective conviction, the strict liability standard is mainly applied, which means that the prosecutor does not need to prove the subjective crime of the defendant while the resulting damage of the environmental pollution case is the only reference for judging whether the subjective fault of the perpetrator is out of intention or negligence, as well as the ground for the defendant to defend their subjective unintentional or negligent behavior.