精准扶贫背景下家庭支持、社会支持对城乡贫困老年人口脱贫的影响

The Impact of Family and Social Supports on the Poverty Relief of the Elderly in the Urban and Rural under the Background of Targeted Poverty Alleviation

精准扶贫实施以来,学界对此进行了许多相关研究,从宏观层面的理论基础与顶层设计到中观层面的政策执行再到微观层面的产业扶贫、易地扶贫搬迁等各种精准帮扶措施都有分析和解释。但对作为贫困发生率最高的城乡贫困老年人口的实证研究较少。以往对贫困老年人口的研究大多集中在对老年人口的经济绝对贫困的研究上,是用单一的指标去测量老年人口的贫困状况,在测量维度上没有体现贫困的多样性,本研究基于多维贫困的视角考察城乡贫困老年人口不同维度的贫困状况,并认为贫困的呈现不只是一种客观层面的福利剥夺,也是贫困人口基于对贫困的理解而做出的对自身贫困状况的主观感知。本研究使用"完善社会救助制度研究"课题组2015年的调查数据,通过二项Logit模型具体分析了城乡贫困老年人口的经济贫困、健康贫困和精神贫困状况,并考察了家庭支持变量和社会支持变量对以上三个维度的贫困状况的影响。结果显示,城市贫困老年人口经济贫困、精神贫困的主观剥夺感更强,农村贫困老年人口健康贫困更严重;城乡贫困老年人口中高龄老人居多,受教育程度低,女性贫困和独居老人贫困严重;城乡贫困老年人口家庭支持不足,社会救助水平低,救助依赖凸显。城乡贫困老年人口的家庭子女经济支持对贫困老年人口经济贫困的改善有显著影响,家庭照料在改善城市贫困老年人口健康状况方面发挥了重要作用,多子多福在老年人精神慰藉层面还有体现;贫困老年人口的社会支持功能在改善其经济贫困、健康贫困和精神贫困中有作用体现,社区提供的支持对贫困状况的缓解有一定作用,但其他方面发挥的功能仍存在局限;医疗保险和养老保险分别在经济贫困缓解和精神贫困缓解中发挥了一定作用,但发挥效果有待进一步验证。基于以上结论,提出精准扶贫过程中针对城乡贫困老年人口脱贫的建议与对策:第一,应对人口老龄化和精准脱贫的现实树立积极老龄化的助老理念;第二,完善家庭养老和社会养老方式,提升社会保障水平;第三,整合社会资源,通过社会力量介入缓解老年贫困;第四,明确综合的扶贫理念,为贫困老年人口精准施策。

Since the implementation of targeted poverty alleviation, the academic circle has conducted many relevant studies from the theoretical foundation and top-level design at the macro level to the policy implementation at the middle level and to the industrial poverty alleviation at the micro level etc., all of which have been analyzed and explained. However, empirical studies on the elderly population in the urban and rural with the highest incidence of poverty are few. Most studies focused on the financial absolute poverty of the poor elderly population and did not reflect the diversity of poverty in the measurement dimensions, which uses a single index to measure the poverty of aging population. This study describes and analyses different dimensions of poverty of the elderly in the urban and rural based on the concept of multidimensional poverty and thinks poverty is not only a kind of welfare deprivation in the objective aspect but also a subjective perception based on the understanding of poverty. Based on the survey data of the research team named"Research on the Improvement of Social Assistance System" in 2015, this study uses binary models to specifically analyze the financial, healthy and spiritual poverty of the poor elderly in the urban and rural, and investigates the impact of family support variables and social support variables on the poverty situation in the above three dimensions. The results show that the urban poor elderly has a stronger sense of subjective deprivation of financial poverty and spiritual poverty, and the rural poor elderly has more serious health poverty. Among the elderly people living in poverty in the urban and rural, the majority are advanced elderly with low level of education and the poverty of elderly women and the solitary elderly is serious. Poor elderly people in the urban and rural have insufficient supports from their families and get a low level of social assistance with prominent aid dependence. The financial support from their children in the urban and rural has a significant impact on the improvement of the financial poverty of the poor elderly. Family care plays an important role in improving the health condition of the urban poor elderly. The social support function is reflected in the improvement of its financial poverty, health poverty and spiritual poverty. Enjoying services provided by the community plays a certain role in alleviating poverty, but other functions are still limited.Medical insurance and endowment insurance respectively play a certain role in alleviating financial poverty and spiritual poverty, but the effect needs to be further verified. Based on the above conclusions, suggestions and countermeasures are put forward for poverty alleviation of the urban and rural poor elderly in the process of targeted poverty alleviation. First, dealing with the reality of population aging and targeted poverty alleviation, we should establish the concept of helping actively the elderly. Second, we should improve the way of family and social endowment and raise the level of social security. Thirdly, ti is suggested to integrate social resources and intervene to alleviate the poverty of the elderly through social force. Fourthly, the concept of comprehensive poverty alleviation should be clearly defined so that the measures can be taken precisely for the poor elderly population.