枯草芽孢杆菌对马铃薯黑痣病和黄萎病的防效及对土壤酶活性的影响

Effects of Bacillus subtilis on Potato Black Scurf and Verticillium Wilt of Potato and on Soil Enzyme Activity

随着马铃薯主粮化战略的实施,重茬种植现象普遍,黑痣病与黄萎病危害严重。目前主要应用化学药剂进行防治,造成环境污染与食品安全问题。枯草芽孢杆菌菌剂对一些作物土传病害防治效果较好,为明确其对马铃薯黑痣病和黄萎病的田间防治效果与应用方法,在重茬地进行了田间防治和马铃薯根围土壤酶活性的研究。结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌对马铃薯黑痣病、黄萎病均有较好的防治效果。枯草芽孢杆菌与有机肥混合沟施(每667 m^2沟施枯草芽孢杆菌颗粒剂10 kg+有机肥500 kg)对马铃薯块茎黑痣病防治效果最佳,达到了63.65%,枯草芽孢杆菌与化学药剂混合拌种(每667 m^2种薯用枯草芽孢杆菌粉剂500 g+3%中生菌素43 g+70%甲基硫菌灵107 g拌种)对马铃薯黄萎病的防效达到了38.72%。这2种处理对马铃薯的增产效果也最为明显,分别增产20.00%和22.66%。对不同生育期马铃薯根围土壤酶活性的分析得知,枯草芽孢杆菌能够提高土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶的活性,但对过氧化氢酶活性的增加没有显著效果。化学药剂拌种对土壤蔗糖酶活性有抑制作用。

Continuous cropping phenomenon is common, and potato black scurf and Verticillium wilt are very serious as the strategy of potato staple food is implemented. At present, chemical agents are usually used to prevent and control these diseases, but give rise to environmental pollution and food safety problems. The effect of Bacillus subtilis on soil borne diseases of some crops is recognized. In this research, field control for potato black scurf and Verticillium wilt and soil enzyme activity of potato rhizosphere soil were investigated in order to understand the field control effect and application method of B. subtilis agent. B. subtilis had good control effect on both diseases. Applying B. subtilis granules mixed with organic fertilizer in the soil (10 kg B. subtilis granules + 500 kg organic fertilizer per 667m2) showed 63.65% control effect against potato black scurf. Using seed dressing treatment, B. subtilis mixed with chemical agents (500 g B. subtilis powder + 43 g 3% zhongshengmycin + 107 g 70% thiophonate-methyl per 667m2) displayed 38.72% control effect against Verticillium wilt of potato. The two treatments mentioned above also increased potato yield to 20.00% and 22.66%, respectively. The analysis of enzyme activity in potato rhizosphere soil at different growth stages showed that B. subtilis increased the activity of urease, sucrase and phosphatase in soil. However, there was no change in catalase activity with the treatment of B. subtilis. It was also found that seed dressing with the chemical reagents inhibited the activity of soil saccharase.