研究生收费前贫困资助政策的瞄准和减贫效果分析——以首都高校研究生为例

The Poverty Reduction Effect of Postgraduate Need-based Aid in China

2007年以来,我国研究生资助体系迅速成长,覆盖面不断扩大、资助种类持续增加、资助水平稳定增长。本文利用2014年北京大学开展的"首都高校学生发展状况调查"收集的30所高校4376名研究生的调查数据,采用同时考虑收入和支出的双指标法计算了在校研究生的贫困率,并尝试对研究生收费改革以前资助政策的减贫效果进行评价。研究结果表明,2014年我国研究生群体的贫困率为20. 4%,家庭负担率约为58%。研究生收费前贫困资助的覆盖率高,达到56. 3%。但是瞄准效果较差,资助的泄露率较高。从减贫效果来看,我国研究生资助政策的瞄准和减贫效果有待提高。资助后的贫困率下降了6. 3%,但仍有14. 1%的研究生未摆脱贫困状态。2014年以来,我国研究生学费、资助政策不断完善。未来研究生助学金政策的改进应该同时考虑家庭收入、学生必要支出、学费等因素,以提高学生资助的效率。

China’s financial aid system for graduate students expanded rapidly since 2007. However, few studies have investigated the poverty reduction effect of need-based aid for graduate students. This paper used a large-scale graduate student survey data, collected from 30 universities in Beijing, to evaluate poverty rate and the poverty reduction effects of existing need-based aid among master students. The results show that poverty rate among Chinese graduate students was 20.4% and graduate’s necessary expenditure accounted for 58% of household income. Although the aid coverage rate was high (56.3% on average), the leakage rate and the targeting error were unexpectedly high. As for poverty reduction effect, the poverty rate declined by 6.3% after receiving aid, indicating 14.1% of needy students were still under the poverty line. This study argues that targeting and poverty alleviation effect of need-based aid programs in China have great potential for improvement. Future policy adjustment should consider factors of household income, student’s necessary expenditure, and tuition fees, in order to improving adequacy and efficiency of need-based aid program.