明朝湖广土司区社会结构初探

On the Social Structure of HuguangTusi District in Ming Dynasty

受行政隶属关系影响,明朝湖广土司具体所指在洪武朝和永乐朝有很大不同。永乐定制以后,湖广土司才主要指分布在今湘、鄂西地区的土司。终明一代,比较稳定的湖广土司约有53家,分别隶属于湖广都司及其下属施州卫、九溪卫、永定卫、镇远卫,受湖广都司、布政使司、提刑按察司三司管理。湖广土司数量众多,分为不同品级,相互之间有政治隶属关系、血缘宗亲关系、姻亲关系等,以这些关系为基础,各土司相互联系,相互制约,形成了彼此牵制的行政结构、职官结构和亲缘结构。在土司内部,各峒土民联结在一起,建立了"兵农合一"的基层社会组织结构。

There was a big difference between the Hongwu and Yongle period about who was HuguangTusi restrictingbyadministrative relation. After Yongle period, theHuguangTusi mainly referred to today's Tusi in Western of Hunan and Hubei province,and its pattern was gradually established. In the Ming Dynasty, there were about 53 stable HuguangTusi, which were subordinate to HuguangDusi and its Shizhou Wei, Jiuxi Wei and Zhenyuan Wei. They were managed by HuguangDusi, Buzhengshisi and Tixinganchasi Departments. HuguangTusi had a large number and could be divided into different grades. There were political subordinate, patriarchal, in-laws and other social relations among Tusi.On the basis of these relations, each Tusiinteractedand restricted each other, and formed a network structure of mutual restraint. In the Chieftain interior,"Qi", a military organization,connected the local people in each Dong and established the basic social organizational structure of "the unity of soldiers and peasants"