中国耕地质量保护与提升问题研究

Study on the protection and improvement of cultivated land quality in China

本文基于经济学的研究视角,对耕地质量进行了重新定义,并对我国耕地质量保护与提升的发展历程进行了系统的梳理与总结,期望为我国耕地质量保护与提升问题提供一条新的解决路径。研究发现,耕地质量不仅包括地力质量、空间质量、工程质量与生态环境质量等四个方面的内容,更需要从私人物品属性和公共物品属性两个新的维度来对其内涵进行系统划分,从而为这一问题的解决提供理论基础。在对耕地质量重新定义的基础上,对我国耕地质量问题分阶段历史考察及深入研究发现:1949年以来,受经济社会发展阶段、相关政策等因素的影响,我国耕地质量保护与提升依次经历了爱护与改善阶段(1949—1978)、维持与利用阶段(1978—1984)、弃损与恶化阶段(1985—2005)、遏制与维护阶段(2006—2010)、保护与提升阶段(2011至今)等5个动态调整的历史阶段,但是这一动态调整过程尚不完整,而不完整盖因耕地质量保护与提升的上升阶段还处于形成和发展过程之中。理论回溯与检视这一演变历程,得到的重要政策启示是耕地质量的保护与提升,既离不开农业生产经营者,包括农户和新型经营主体的自为意识和自觉行为,以及相关利益主体包括农村集体经济组织的投入及社会公众的参与和监督;更离不开政府的引导、监管和扶持。认为,进一步强化政府相关支持政策和投入力度,不仅关乎耕地质量的保护与提升,更是关乎当前农业供给侧结构性改革的实现和民生福祉的长期改善和持续增进。

The protection and improvement of cultivated land quality are not only related to the realization of the current agricultural supply-side structural reform, but also to the long-term and continuous improvement of people s well-being. Based on the perspective of economics, this paper redefines the quality of cultivated land, systematically combs and summarizes the development process of China s cultivated land quality protection and upgrading, hoping to provide a new solution to the problem of cultivated land quality protection and promotion in China. It is found that cultivated land quality not only includes four aspects, that is, land quality, space quality, engineering quality and ecological environment quality, but also needs to be systematically divided into two new dimensions, namely private goods attribute and public goods attribute, which provide theoretical basis for solving this problem. On the basis of redefining the quality of cultivated land, a historical and in-depth study on the quality of cultivated land in China has revealed that since the founding of the People s Republic of China, influenced by economic and social development stages and related policies, the protection and promotion of cultivated land quality in China has gone through the following five dynamic-adjustment stages: care and improvement stage (1949-1978), preservation and utilization stage (1978-1984), abandonment and deterioration stage (1985-2005), containment and maintenance stage (2006-2010), and protection and promotion stage (2011-present). And the dynamic adjustment process is still underway and incomplete, which is the result of rising stage of the protection and upgrading of cultivated land quality. Through the theoretical review of this evolutionary process, the important policy implications are as followings: the protection and upgrading of cultivated land quality is inseparable from the self-consciousness and conscious behavior of agricultural producers and operators, including farmers and new business entities, and the related interest subjects involving the investment of rural collective economic organizations and the participation and supervision of social public. Moreover, it is inseparable from the guidance, supervision and support of the government. Therefore, it is necessary to further strengthen the relevant government support policies and investment in order to effectively improve agricultural income.