美国就业优惠制度的法理基础与制度运用——法理冲突、重构与借鉴

The Legal Basis and Institutional Utilization of Affirmative Action——The Confliction, Restructure and Reference of Legal Principle

就业优惠是美国宪法平等保护制度的核心问题与争议焦点。就业优惠的法律功能是加速实现平等,有助于矫正美国社会根深蒂固的种族就业歧视现象,但也与美国联邦宪法、民权法所奉行的种族中立立场存在冲突。美国就业优惠的理论更新与制度演进经历了从"差别对待"到"差别效果",从"形式平等"到"实质平等",从"市场竞争机制"到"结构性歧视"的复杂过程。美国就业优惠的法理冲突、法理重构与法理运用具有批判和借鉴意义。

Affirmative Action is the core issue and contention of the equal protection system of the US constitution. The legal function of Affirmative Action is to accelerate equality, and contribute to rectify the deep-rooted racial employment discrimination in American society. However, it is in conflict with the standpoint of racial neutrality, which is pursued by the U.S. constitution and the civil rights laws. The theoretical renewal and institutional evolution of American Affirmative Action have experienced a complex process from "Disparate treatment" to "Disparate Impact","formal equality"to "substantial equality", and "market competition mechanism" to "structural discrimination". The process of the confliction, restructure and utilization of the legal principles of American Affirmative Action is of critical and referential significance.