再论德意志第二帝国后期的“世界政策”——以“海权论”为中心的考察

Revisiting the‘Weltpolitik'during the Late Deutsch Empire Ⅱ:A Discussion Centered on Sea Power Theory

19世纪的最后十年,德意志第二帝国开始着手大力发展海上力量,走上了与英国争夺海上霸权的道路。以争夺海外殖民地、追逐世界霸权为标志的"世界政策"成了威廉二世时期德意志第二帝国的国家大战略。此后,随着德意志民族主义和军国主义的膨胀,德国开始不顾一切地挑战旧有国际秩序,与英国之间的海上军备竞赛逐渐升级。欧洲脆弱的传统均势由此崩塌。德意志第二帝国也因此仓促卷入一战,并最终遭遇陆上正面战场的失败。在此过程中,德国花费巨资打造并寄予厚望的海上力量并未发挥其应有的战略作用。从地缘政治视角来看,德国是一个典型的陆海复合型国家,陆上安全直接关系到德国的生死存亡,因此,德国并不具备如英国一样全力发展海权的客观条件。如何根据自身状况和地缘政治态势权衡陆权与海权的资源投入是德国这样的陆海复合型国家在规划国家大战略时不得不思考的根本问题。

The grand strategy during Wilhelm II von Deutschland's reign in Deutsch Empire II, known as “Weltpolitik”, aimed at pursuing the sea hegemony and overseas colonies. From the end of the Nineteenth Century, Deutsch Empire II began to develop its maritime power, and embarked on a competition with Great Britain for the supremacy upon the sea. The excessive expansion of the Deutsch Empire II eventually led to the collapse of the equilibrium in Europe and consequently made the Deutsch Empire II hastily involved in the First World War without good preparation. To some extent, the subsequent defeat on land proved that Germany, as a typical rimland power, is not suitable for the excessive pursuit of sea power considering its natural conditions. Territory security is more critical to the survival of this country. Due to the limitation of resources, it is difficult for a curtain country to extend its land power and maritime power at the same time. Therefore, for those countries like Germany, how to balance land power and sea power become a key question when they devise their grand strategy.