论马克思的普遍主义

On Karl Marx's Universalism

在我们的时代,普遍主义如同其他启蒙理想一样受到后现代主义、多元主义和各种共同体主义思潮的围剿,但当今左翼思想家中也不乏普遍主义的捍卫者。拉克劳、阿兰·巴丢、巴利巴尔、华伦斯坦等人不仅对新自由主义的虚假普遍主义和各种特殊主义思潮进行批判,而且致力于普遍主义话语的重建。但是,在这场普遍主义的理论复兴中,马克思的相关思想并未得到充分的重视。虽然马克思在认识论上拒绝脱离现实的抽象普遍性观念,在政治上反对以抽象权利为核心的自由主义,但马克思并没有拒绝普遍主义理想。相反,无论是在对人类未来社会的设想还是在对资本主义现实的批判中,普遍主义都是马克思思想的特征。像黑格尔等伟大哲学家一样,马克思对普遍性及其表现形式有着深刻和复杂的思考。具体来说,通过"虚假普遍性"的批判,马克思揭示了自由主义意识形态的规范潜能及其阶级局限性;通过"现实普遍性"视角,马克思揭示了资本主义的进步潜能和历史局限性;通过"例外普遍性"概念,马克思揭示了无产阶级解放的普遍政治潜能。虽然马克思与我们相距一个多世纪,但我们仍然生活在马克思所批判和分析的历史时代中,马克思主义的普遍解放信念和对资本主义的辩证态度,仍然是我们应该继承的遗产。

In our age, universalism, like other ideas of enlightenment, has been attacked by postmodernism, pluralism and communitarianism, but there still are some defenders of universalism among today's left thinkers, such as N. Laclau, Alan Badiou, E. Balibar and I. Wallenstein. They not only criticized the false universalism of neo liberalism and various cultural particularism, but also tried to reconstruct new universalist discourse. However, in this wave of reviving universalism, Marx's thought is absent. Although Marx rejected the idealist illusion of abstract universality in his epistemology and political ideologies which are based on abstract rights, Marx did not reject universalism at all. On the contrary, Marx's thought are orientated to universalism, whether in his criticism of capitalism or in his project of communism. Like Hegel and other great philosophers, Marx had profound and complicated thinking on the conception of universality and its real manifestations. Concretely, in criticizing u false universalityof bourgeois ideology, Marx recognized the normative potential and also disclosed its class limitation;by the perspective of 44 realistic universality, v Marx revealed the progressive potential of capitalist society and historical limitations;and through the concept of u exceptional universality, M Marx revealed the universalist political potential of proletarian revolution. Although it has been over one century since Marx passed away, we still live in the era that Marx has criticized and analyzed. Therefore, Marx's thinking on universal emancipation of humanity and dialectical diagnosis of capitalism are still precious theoretical heritage we must persist on.