守土与离乡:同治西北战争期间战区人口的外迁

Stay Home or Uprooted: The Emigration During the Northwest War in Tongzhi Era

本文以同治西北战争为例,通过文献梳理和史料挖掘,系统探讨了战争状态下战区人口向外迁移的特征与规律。研究表明:战争期间,区域人口外迁数量较少,迁移主体是那些拥有政治资本和丰富社会关系网络的士绅阶层,拥有较多财富资本和远行经历的财主、富商阶层,以及拥有强健体力、不凡胆识和一定生存技能的乡村强人、能人等。战时区域人口向外迁移遵循就近原则,与战区毗邻的诸省,尤其是山西、内蒙古等省区是西北人口最主要的避难目的地。从微观上看,战区人口由战争中心区往边缘区域的迁移呈现出被动的水溢式的特点。从宏观上看,随着战事从东往西推进,并不断反复,整个西北地区的人口迁移又呈现出明显的自东往西的潮汐式特征。总体来看,传统战争状态下,除了少数拥有逃生资本和社会网络的士绅、商贾和乡村强人、能人等精英群体外,绝大部分徘徊在守土与离乡之间的普通民众,几乎没有选择的能力,也缺乏逃生的机会,只能聚居在战区内部,毫无计划地东躲西藏,最终死于战火,沦为战争的牺牲品。这是中国历史上战时人口大规模迁移和人口剧烈波动背景下的一个侧面。

Taking the Northwest War in Tongzhi Era as an example, this paper mainly discusses the characteristics and laws of the emigration during the wars in Chinese history. Research shows that regional migration follows the principle of proximity. Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and other provinces adjacent to the war zone were the main refuge destinations during the war. The migration from the center to the periphery shows the characteristics of water overflow, while the migration from east to West shows the obvious tidal characteristics. Whether to stay at home or to be uprooted, ordinary people have no capacities to survive. Only those who have capital or social networks can go far away.