马克思主义政治经济学与西方经济学关于供求关系分析的比较——兼谈我国供给侧结构性改革

A Comparative Study of the Relationship between Supply and Demand in Marxist Political Economy and Western Economics——Concurrently Discussing China's Supply Side Structural Reform

坚持供给侧结构性改革是新时代建设现代化经济体系的主线,然而学界对这一课题的理论理解尚不一致。本文从三个方面对西方经济学和马克思主义政治经济学关于供求关系分析的方法进行比较研究,认为西方经济学关于供求关系的分析仅仅反映交换领域关系,抽象掉了社会生产关系;而马克思主义政治经济学则注重研究供求背后的生产、分配、交换和消费关系的总和。西方经济学认为供求关系决定价格,资源配置似乎都是在交换领域通过价格机制完成的;而马克思主义政治经济学则认为供求关系只能"调节"价格而不是"决定"价格,市场经济中的真实经济关系是价值决定价格,同时又调节供求关系,进而实现资源配置。西方经济学宏观领域研究的供求分析只是总量问题,并不区分个量与总量在性质上的差别,更没有认识到数量背后深层的结构和比例关系;而马克思主义政治经济学则认为社会再生产在"数量"的背后还包括了结构和比例问题。其重要启示在于:认识供给侧不能停留在交换领域的供给数量,而是要深入生产领域的生产端;强调供给侧结构性改革,不能忽视需求侧;社会主义生产的根本目的决定了供给侧结构性改革要遵循"质量法则"。

Adhering to the supply-side structural reform is the main line of building a modern economic system in the new era.However,the academic understanding of this topic is still inconsistent.This paper makes a comparative study of the methods of analyzing the relationship between supply and demand in Western economics and Marxist political economy from three aspects.The analysis of the relationship between supply and demand in Western economics only reflects the relationship between exchanges and abstracts the relationship of social production,while Marxist political economy focuses on the sum of production,distribution,exchange and consumption relations behind supply and demand.Western economics believes that supply and demand determine prices,resource allocation seems to be completed through the price mechanism in the exchange field.Marxist political economy believes that supply and demand can only"regulate"prices rather than"determine"prices,in the market economy The real economic relationship is that the value determines the price,and at the same time adjusts the relationship between supply and demand,and then realizes resource allocation.The analysis of supply and demand in the field of macroeconomics in Western economics is only a matter of totality.It does not distinguish the difference between the individual and the aggregation in nature,and it does not recognize the deep structure and proportional relationship behind the quantity.On the other hand,Marxist political economy believes that social reproduction also includes structural and proportional issues behind the"quantity".Therefore,we have come to the following revelation:to understand the supply side,we cannot only focus on the supply quantity in the exchange field,but also on the production side of the production field;to emphasize the supply-side structural reform,we cannot ignore the demand side;and as well,the fundamental purpose of socialist production determines that the supply-side structural reforms must follow the"quality rules".