关于黄宗羲批评罗钦顺“天人不一”之检视与回应

Review and Response to HuangZongxi's Criticism on Luo Zhengan's “Discrepancy Between Heavens and Human”

黄宗羲批评罗整庵对朱子理气论的修正,从而导致"天人不一"的观点。黄宗羲的思想属于心学和气学,而罗整庵则应定位为理学转向气学的理论型态,两者的思想体系略有不同;虽然二人皆有重气之倾向,然罗氏之修正朱子的理气二元而为理气一致,却在心性论上又坚守朱子立场,以致黄宗羲怀疑整庵思想倒向了"天人不一"。依黄氏,理是气之理,又要天人一一对应,则性该是心之性或情之性,则无论在天道论还是在心性论上,皆须贯彻气论的立场,由此必得出天人一致的结论。那么,整庵的心性论是否可成为一种气学呢?即坚持一气流行,气之诚通诚复,四气周流以及喜怒哀乐如元亨利贞一般等观点,进而得出刘蕺山、黄宗羲所说的"心气通一"的结论呢?这是一个耐人寻味也是值得探讨的问题。

The purpose of this study is to explain Huang Zongxi’s criticisms toward Luo Zhengan’s revision on the theory of "Li and Qi" proposed by Zhuxi, the neo-Confucianist of Southern Song Dynasty(1127-1279) based on the reason that such revision caused "the discrepancy between Heavens and Human". First of all, Huang Zongxi focused on the philosophy of the mind and the theory of Qi, while Zhengan’s positioning is on the pattern of transformation from Li to Qi. Thus they belong to different systems. Besides, although both Huang and Luo tend to attach more importance to Qi, Luo revised the dualistic Li-Qi theory of Zhu Xi into Unity between Li and Qi, he adhered to Zhuxi’s theory of temperament. This made Huang Zongxi doubted that Zhengan’s theory turned into a "discrepancy between Heavens and Human". According to Huang’s theory, Li is the Li of the Qi, and there shall be Unity between the Heavens and the Human. Temperament shall be that of the heart or the spirit, so both the theory of Heavens and that of the temperament belong to the theory of Qi, which is the so-called Unity between Heavens and Human. Then, can Zhengan’s theory of temperament become a theory of Qi. That is, only one Qi is flowing in cycles in the Nature, while the temperaments(joy, anger, sorrow and happiness) of Human are like the image of Yuan Heng Li Zhen(four virtues of the Qian in Bagua) with the "integrity between mind and Qi" illustrated by Liu Zongzhou and Huang Zongxi? Such opinions will be evaluated one by one in this study.