“春秋大义”的形上过程及其学理化

Metaphysical Process and Theoretical Interpretation of the Hidden Meaning of Chunqiu

孔子将《春秋》之"义"理解为"礼义",试图按照礼的精神,建构起一套足以评价历史人物是非、历史事件正误的学理依据,以之作为新的历史共识。《春秋》三传充分体认并尊重孔子所立之"义",再进行学说的阐释和学理的建构,从不同维度对《春秋》中所寄托的"义"进行深化和细化。其中,《左传》强化"德义",认为"德"是历史评价的根本,视"义"为道德共识,强调其对于历史评价的普遍意义;《谷梁传》更重视"经义",侧重分析《春秋》笔法及微言所寄托的大义,形成对"义"的逻辑建构;《公羊传》以董仲舒"春秋大义"立意,从价值共识的维度诠释"义"在治道中的存在方式,成为汉代大一统学说的基本学理。这些阐释的合力,使得《春秋》既成为了衡量历史成败得失的史学文本,又成为了关注世道人心的经书著述。

Confucius interpreted “yi (义)” in Chunqiu (The Spring and Autumn Annals) as “liyi (礼义,propriety and righteousness)” and tried to construct a set of theoretical bases to evaluate historical figures and events. The most famous three commentaries on Chunqiu recognize and respect the concept of “righteousness” established by Confucius, and then on its basis make theoretical interpretation and construction and make deeper and detailed interpretation of “yi” embedded in Chunqiu from different perspective. Among them, The Commentary of Zuo (左传)emphasizes “deyi (德义, morality and faith)”,takes “de (morality)” as the basis for historical evaluation,the most important moral quality, and emphasizes its universal significance for historical evaluation. The Commentary of Guliang (谷梁传) values “jingyi (经义, moral principles from Chinese classics)”, focuses on the writing techniques of Chunqiu and the great principles embedded in it, forming a logic construction of “yi”. The Commentary of Gongyang (公羊传), on the basis of DONG Zhong-shu’s “Chuqiu Dayi (春秋大义,Dong felt that Confucius not only recorded events to exercise judgment upon them but also laid down the rules to be used in governing future dynasties)”, interprets the way of integrating “yi” into governance and ruling from the perspective of universal values, which makes the basic theory of centralized politics in Han Dynasty. All these interpretations make Chunqiu not only a historical text that measures success and failure in history, but also a classic on moral codes and social ethos.