宋代“稽古之学”考论及其学术史意义——从陈瓘奏议说开去

The Textual Research of the Theory of Retroactive Ancient in Song Dynasty and Its Value of the Academic History

稽古是古代君主稽考前代圣人以修身、治政的传统,在后世的实践中,因参与主体扩大至士人,行为对象兼及经史,稽古表现出治政与治学的不同趋向,至北宋以"稽古之学"得到理性概括。北宋陈瓘奏议中论及的"稽古之学",体现了宋儒希求探明六经原旨的集体追求,同时表现出在疑经变古思潮下,宋人追溯本经、藐视汉唐传注之学,强调经典经世治政社会功用的宋学精神。从学术史角度看,"稽古之学"在宋代的确立,标志着以训诂为主的汉唐"传注之学"发生了重要转折。宋儒以治世为旨归的解经,流于心性之学的樊篱,是对汉唐经学的矫枉过正。

The retroactive ancient is a kind of tradition that emperor traced back sages to cultivate their morality and handle state affairs. The scholars in Northern Song Dynasty generalized the behavior of tracing back sages as the theory of retroactive ancient because of its participants increase. The theory of retroactive ancient mentioned in Chen Huan’s memorial showed that scholars in Song Dynasty hoped to explicate the Six Classics original meaning. Meanwhile it showed the spirit of the Song study, which contained tracing back original classics, defying the illumination of Confucian classics in Han and Tang Dynasty and emphasizing on classics’ social function in the context of suspicion on classics. In the light of academic history, the establishment on the theory of retroactive ancient in Song Dynasty marked the turn of illumination of Confucian classics in Han and Tang Dynasty. However, scholars’ illumination on classics so to solve social problem stepped into crisis of the philosophy of idealism, which was a hypercorrection of Confucian classics in the Han and Tang Dynasties.