唐代私债的国家放免和民间规避——兼论当下的民间借贷管制

National Exemption and Folk Evasion of Private Debts in the Tang Dynasty

唐王朝除了减免当年租税外,还经常放免百姓欠付之官物。然而,让人奇怪的是,在放免官物的同时,唐朝皇帝也常常停征甚至免除民间私人债务。可惜的是,看似美好的政策却止于昙花一现的"市恩"层次,并没有在历史上产生重要影响。良好的初心之所以出现短促的结果,绝非仅仅是人心善恶所致,而是和根本政治制度以及深层文化结构密切相关。高利贷是古今中外社会之痼疾,以盛唐故事为镜鉴,探索国家高利贷管制的应然边界。

The expressions of many discourses in the Tang Dynasty give us a picture of the prosperity of the people living in peace and happiness. The emperor of the Tang Dynasty from time to time add a warm color to the flourishing world. With the grace of the mighty emperor, in addition to reducing the tax on the year, the emperor often excuse the official property owed by the people. However, it is strange that the emperor of the Tang Dynasty often exempts private debt. Later generations of the future are extended, and related cases are repeated. The "righteousness" of the Western rulers has had a worldwide influence, but China’s corresponding actions have ended at the level of "private grace", which has not had an important impact in history. The author believes that jealousy is indeed a pleasure, but it is difficult to solve the problem. The reason why the same type of behavior has essentially different consequences is not just the difference between the good and the bad, but the fundamental political system and the deeper cultural structure is closely related. Usury is a common problem between ancient and modern China and foreign countries. This article attempts to turn its attention to the present, using the stories of the Tang Dynasty as a mirror to explore the proper boundary of the state’s usury control.