村庄社会中的边缘阶层:生成、嬗变与影响

The Marginalized in Village: Generation, Evolution and Influence

在从传统农耕社会向现代市场社会转变的转型期,农村社会结构经历变迁,各阶层组成部分以及所占比重相应发生了变化,农村边缘阶层为在社会地位结构中处于下层位置的群体,对于解析社会结构性质与现实社会问题至关重要。传统时期农村社会地位的划分主要以道德与伦理为标准,边缘阶层为在家庭与社区层面未能达到公共道德规范要求的群体,他们对主流规范有着一定的认同以及存有为共同体再接纳的空间,因此对社会秩序稳定不会产生多大影响。在经济社会快速分化的转型期,村庄社会地位的划分主要以经济收入与财富多寡为标准,"新边缘阶层"主要为缺乏市场能力与家庭劳动力数量少的低收入阶层,他们之所以在社会地位结构中处于底层在于既无法将仪式事务办得体面又在社会关系网络的建构中被动的向内收缩。"新边缘阶层"日益被主流结构强制甩出,从而积攒起负向情绪,增加对社会秩序的稳定产生冲击的风险。为防止社会结构愈益紧张,关键在于加强农村公共文化建设。

In the transition process from traditional farming society to modern market society, the rural social structure has undergone changes, and the composition and proportion of each stratum have changed accordingly. The rural substratum-- the group of the lower position in the social status structure, is a very important factor to solve the practical social problems. In the traditional period, the division of rural social status is mainly based on morality and ethics. The rural substratum is the group that fails to meet the requirements of public moral norms at the family and community level. They have some identification with the mainstream norms and there is space to be accepted by the community. Therefore, they won’t pose a threat on the stability of social order. During the transitional period with fast economic and social differentiation, the division of village social status is mainly based on economic income and wealth. The “new substratum” mainly consists of low-income stratum lacking of market capacity and family labor force. The cause lies in the fact that they cannot handle ceremonial affairs decently and they passively shrink inward in the construction of social network. And they have been increasingly forced out by the mainstream structure, thus negative emotions accumulated and posing a threat on social order stability. To prevent this problem, the key is to strengthen the construction of rural public culture.