张栻《太极图说解义》及其与朱子解义之比较

A Comparison of Zhang Shi’s and Zhu Xi’s Understandings of the Taiji Diagram

从南宋道学总体发展来看,朱子的《太极解义》在相当程度上代表了朱子、张栻、吕祖谦经讨论后形成的共识,而张栻的《太极图说解义》则可视为朱子《太极解义》的补充。两者学术宗旨相同,但诠释表述有异,毕竟朱、张、吕在共识之外还有其个人的认识特点,在以“无极而太极”为宇宙的根源、以太极为理等问题的理解上,朱张略同。但张栻以孟子“莫之为而为之”解“无极而太极”,以“两端相感”论太极动静,以人心即天地之心,以未发已发中和问题论“五性感动”,以中仁为体、正义为用,以及在“诚通诚复”“太极体用”的诠释上,这些方面都显示了其与朱子不同的思想特色。总体来看,朱子《太极解义》注重义理的哲学分析与综合,在本体论上具有优势,张栻《太极图说解义》注重功夫界定,是朱子解义有所忽略之处。朱子所争者多在义理之铺陈,故张杭解义为朱子解义之补充,二者相结合乃构成道学在南宋中期的主流认识。“朱子学”的成立包含了东南三贤的共同参与朱子学”的概念可以有丰富的含义,这是我们今天论及张南轩和朱子学时不可不注意的。

Based on the general development of the Neo-Confucianism in the Southern Songdynasty (1127-1279), it can be seen that Zhu Xi's ( 1130-1200) Taiji jie yi(Interpretation of the Meanings of the Supreme Ultimate) represented, to a large extent, the consensus resulting from Zhu Xi, Zhang Shi (1133-1180), and Lii Zhuqian's (1137-1181) discussion, while Zhang Shi's Taiji tushuo jieyi (Interpretation of the Meanings of the Explanation of the MDiagram of Supreme Ultimate") can be viewed as a supplement to Zhu Xi's Taiji jie yi. Although they shared the same academic tenet, after all Zhu, Zhang, and Lii had distinctively personal points of view. Zhu and Zhang shared a similar understanding of the cosmic origin "from Non-Ultimate to Supreme Ultimate"(wuji er taiji) and both treated taiji (Supreme Ultimate) as li ( principle). However, Zhang Shi's understanding of other sentences related to cosmology and ontology was different from Zhu Xi's. Generally speaking, Zhu's Taiji jieyi attached more importance to philosophical analysis and synthesis, which has ontological advantages;Zhang's Taiji tushuo jieyi paid more attention to moral practice, which had been neglected by Zhu Xi and can be regarded as a supplement to Zhu's viewpoints. Therefore, the combination of both Zhu and Zhang's views constituted the mainstream cognition of the Neo-Confucians in the Southern Song dynasty. To put it in a nutshell, Master Zhu's learning also consists of Zhang Shi's and Lii Zhuqian's contributions, and the concept of "Master Zhu's learning" ought to have more abundant connotations, which has to be noted when we discuss Zhang Shi 's and Zhu Xi's learning today.