马克思对施蒂纳国家观的批判

Marx's Critique on Stirner's Concept of State

施蒂纳认为国家无力实现个体自由,其以个人无政府主义反对国家,将国家视为"固定观念"对人类的统治,并进一步将人民等同于国家。其对国家、人民的批判指向对观念的批判。施蒂纳指出国家实则体现了利己主义原则,并据此指认利己主义原则的正当性与合理性。而马克思则认为国家存在有其现实基础,国家的消亡同样是一个历史过程,意识的批判并不能改变国家的性质,对资本主义国家的批判还需要在政治经济学批判领域内展开。

Stirner believes that the state is unable to achieve individual freedom and opposes the state with personal anarchism, regards the state as the “fixed concept” of human domination, and further equates the people with the state. His critique of the state and the people points to the critique of the concept. In criticizing the concept of the state, Stirner points out that the state actually embodies the principle of egoism, and accordingly identifies the legitimacy and rationality of the principle of egoism. Marx believes that the existence of state has its realistic foundation, and the extinction of state is also a historical process, and only critique of ideas and consciousness cannot change the nature of the state. It needs to be carried out in the field of critique of political economy to criticize the capitalist state.