园林、风景与城市:近代城湖关系变迁下西湖湖上园林的演进与转型

Garden, Scenery and City: The Evolution and Transformation of Gardens of the West Lake in the Changing Relationship between Hangzhou City and the Lake in Modern Times

与传统的城市私家园林不同,杭州西湖湖上园林一直在一个更为复杂和动态的城湖大环境中发展与演化。民国初年"西湖入城",使城湖空间不再隔绝,也加剧了园林、风景、城市互为影响、互为转化,最终演变成为一个新的有机整体。以郭庄及西泠印社2个具有代表性的湖上园林为分析对象,通过辨析园林中建筑与空间的变化,以及相应的公共游览与使用方式变迁,试图阐明当一个复杂的依托环境发生变化时,其中的园林是如何适应、演化及转变,而这一变化又是如何在园林空间格局、园林中心空间及园林空间的公共性使用3个层面来得以具体体现的。在这一演变过程中,西湖湖上园林也逐渐摆脱单一的园林身份,发展为园林、公共风景与城市生活空间的综合体,这最终造就了西湖湖上园林不同于其他江南传统园林的独特性与重要性。

Unlike most Chinese classical gardens, gardens of West Lake of Hangzhou have been continuously changing in the more complicated and dynamic relationship between the city and the lake.In early republic era, the West Lake became a part of the city and was no longer isolated. This change enhanced the cross-influence among the gardens, the lake and Hangzhou city, and finally resulted in a new and organic integration. This article takes two representative gardens of the West Lake, Guo Villa and Xiling Seal Club, as examples. Of these two gardens, the changing relationship between buildings and outdoor spaces, and the corresponding transition of the way of public visits and use are differentiated specifically. The article tries to illuminate that when their relying landscape changed, how these gardens adapted to the change,and transformed consequently, and how such transformation was embodied in their spatial structure, their central space and public use. In the process of their transformation, gardens of the West Lake gradually broke away from their single role as gardens and became a mixture of gardens, public scenic spots, and urban spaces.This distinguishes gardens of the West Lake from other Jiangnan classical gardens and establishes their importance in garden history.