先秦秦汉的军事训练及其时间问题探究

A Study on Military Training and Its Timing in the Pre-Qin Period of Qin and Han Dynasties

在先秦时,军事训练常通过狩猎的方式举行。随着集兵制度的演变,官方组织的大型军事训练频度降低,在秦代由四时田猎而减省为一时都试,在东汉初又取消了都试活动。从传世文献和出土简牍材料来看,在先秦及秦汉时期的军事训练有都试、秋射等官方组织的形式,也有日常的训练和民间的军事训练。西汉都试的时间在文献中的不同记载,可以用农时的不确定性和历法的因素来解释。史书所载东汉的七次校猎活动全部在冬季,这和依时行令的施政理念有关。马融和陈蕃对天子校猎的两种截然不同的态度与是否妨碍农时有关。

In the Pre-Qin Era, military training often took the form of organized hunting. With the development of the recruitment of armed forces, government organized military trainings became less frequent. In Qin dynasty, military training in all four seasons had reduced to one annual Du Shi (都試, or the Grand Test), and in Eastern Han dynasty, even Du Shi was totally abolished. According to received historic documents and excavated wood and bamboo slips, in early China, there existed not only officially organized military trainings such as Du Shi and Qiu she (秋射, or the Autumn Shooting), but also daily trainings and non-official trainings. The timing of Du Shi in Western Han Dynasty varied in different sources, and this can be explained by the uncertainty of agricultural time and the matter of calendar. The seven Jiao Lie (校獵, or the Imperial Hunting) recorded in Eastern Han Dynasty all carried out in winter, which is connected with the ideology of administering in accordance with the proper timing. The two completely different attitudes towards Jiao Lie are in essence based on the consideration of not hampering agricultural seasons.