先秦至汉唐时期的以工代赈思想及其实践

Ideas and Practices of Employment as Relief from the Pre-Qin Period to the Han and Tang Dynasties

在考证以工代赈起源,纠正以往成说的基础上,对先秦至汉唐时期以工代赈思想及其实践考察后发现,创制于西周宣王时期的以工代赈,一直到汉唐时期,其实践并不普遍,规模也不大,但其项目类型有所增加,应用范围及思想内涵逐渐扩大,人们已开始将以工代赈与维持灾后农业生产的持续发展结合起来,并开始突破灾时奉神穰灾的心态,组织人力抗灾、救灾。这些做法与思想认识为其在两宋及明清时期的发展奠定了基础,框定了思路。

Based on textual research on the origin of employment as relief in China and correction of some previously accepted theories, the paper investigates the ideas and practices of employment as relief from the pre-Qin period to the Han and Tang Dynasties, and finds that employment as relief originated from the reign of King Xuan of the Western Zhou Dynasty and extended well into the Han and Tang Dynasties, and that the practice was uncommon and in small scale, but its project types gradually increased, meanwhile, the application range and ideological connotations kept expanding. People already started to combine employment as relief with the sustainable development of post-disaster agricultural production. Also, they proactively engaged themselves in disaster relief work instead of blindly clinging to the mindset of worshiping divinities for calamity mitigation. All these thoughts and practices laid an important foundation and provided a good thinking framework for employment as relief in the later dynasties of Song, Ming and Qing.