行政监管实质刑法化及其限制研究

Study on Administrative Supervision Substantively Serving as Criminal Law and Its Limitations

行政监管行为实质刑法化的表现,具体体现为通过确定填充或解释刑法构成要件要素的参数标准、技术标准、指数标准以及"违反法律规定"中的具体类型,调整行政违法和刑事犯罪之间的临界点,将原本的行政违法行为转处为"刑事犯罪"。在法定犯的认定上更多的是由行政机关向司法机关移送的"单行道",司法机关缺乏对行政机关认定构成行政犯罪的标准和参数的实质性审核。基于刑事司法对于认定犯罪的最终决定权,对于涉及刑法中"参数、指数、技术标准类"的构成要件要素应当有司法机关的自我版本;在法定犯的"违法国家规定"的构成要件要素判断中,应当构建明确的空白罪状补充规则。在行政机关认定行为"构成犯罪依法移交司法机关追究刑事责任时",不应当是一种"单向移送"的"单行道",而应当是允许司法机关按照其认定法定犯的标准将不构成犯罪的行为再次移送给行政机关追究行政责任的"双向移送"的"双行道"。

The embodiment of administrative supervision substantively serving as criminal law is to adjust the point of transition between administrative illegality and criminal crime through determining parameters standards,technical standards,index standards which make up or interpret constituent elements of criminal law and specific types of"violating legal regulations",thus turning the original administrative illegality into a crime.The decision of statutory offense is more of a one-way street along which a case is sent from an administrative agency to the judiciary and the later does not conduct substantive examination of standards and parameters that are basis for an administrative agency to regard a conduct as an administrative crime.Based on the final say of the criminal justice for deciding crimes,the judicial organ shall has its own vision of constituent elements of criminal law related to the"parameters,indices,and technical standards"organ;for judging constituent elements of"violating a national regulation"of a statutory offence,a clear rule on supplementing the blank description of crimes shall be established.When an administrative agency decides a conduct constitutes a crime and sends the case to a judicial organ for criminal prosecution,there should not be a"one-way street"of"unidirectional transfer"but should be a"two-way"street of"bidirectional transfer"that allows a judicial organ to return a case determined as being not criminal according to the judicial organ's standards for statutory offence to an administrative organ to let the offender assume administrative liability.