间接危害行为犯罪化一般限制原则研究

On the General Principles of Limiting Criminalization of Remote Harmful Acts

积极预防性立法以先发制人之策略,把与严重实害结果有距离的间接危害行为予以犯罪化。间接危害行为犯罪化虽突破了传统刑法理念,但其能严密实体刑法法网,对安全维护具有积极意义。其若不受限制和约束,会导致刑法无原则膨胀,继而诱发不公平归责和法治危机。立法机关将间接危害行为犯罪化,其实质是让该行为人分担部分实害结果犯罪之刑事责任。立意于此的责任分配,不能违背刑事责任公平分配原则。因此,间接危害行为分担的责任,应是其本身应当承担的。尽管三大类间接危害行为犯罪化必须直面的问题不同,但基于公平归责和法治精神,其犯罪化均应受到危害原则标准分析范式、行为本身具有不法性、预防的必须是重大危害和与拟阻止的严重犯罪具有规范性联系等一般原则的限制。

The positively preventive legislation,by taking the strategy of striking first to gain the initiative,criminalizes remote harmful acts that are distant from serious real harm.Although the criminalization of remote harmful acts breaks through the traditional idea of criminal law,it can enlarge the coverage of substantive criminal law,thus enjoying a positive significance in security maintenance.But if it is not limited and restrained,the criminal law will be expanded in an unprincipled manner,thus bringing out unfair imputation and a crisis of the rule of law.The essence of criminalizing remote harmful acts by the legislator is to let such actors undertake part of the criminal liability for the crime with real harm.The liability allocation based on this should not violate the principle of fair allocation of criminal liability.Therefore,the liability undertaken for remote harmful acts should be based on its own merits.Although there are different issues confronted in criminalization of three categories of remote harm acts,on basis of fair imputation and the spirit of rule of law,such criminalization shall be limited by general principles such as the standard analysis model of the principle of harm,the illegality of the act itself,the seriousness of harm prevented,and the normative connection with the serious crimes to be prevented.