控制、汲取、激活:中华人民共和国70年农村治理政策的三个维度

Three Dimensions of Rural Governance over 70 Years of the Founding of the People's Republic of China: Controlling,Drawing and Activating

要理解中国共产党取得全国政权后对农村治理的70年,仅仅从农村自身角度是不够的,必须从执政党和国家政权建设的角度对其进行系统把握。概括而言,中国共产党对农村治理政策的70年变迁基本围绕着"控制—汲取—激活"三个维度进行展开与切换。在治理的控制层面,通过土改、集体化、政党下乡等政策实现了权力渗透与下沉;在治理的汲取层面,通过统购统销、税费征收和户籍政策维持和保障了必要的工业化积累;在治理的激活层面,通过土地承包、村民自治与乡村振兴战略等政策实现对农村发展活力的释放与激活。中国共产党农村治理政策的70年变迁,始终围绕着"国家建构"进程展开,一直贯穿着国家与社会张力的主线,同时也是国家与社会双重发展的70年。

It is not comprehensive to understand the rural governance by the CPC only from the point of view of countryside itself,the perspectives of the ruling party and the construction of state power must be taken to systematically master the CPC′s policies of rural governance over 70 years of its acquisition of state power.Generally speaking,the rural governance policies over 70 years have changed around the three dimensions of controlling,drawing and activating.At the controlling level of the rural governance,through the policies such as the land reform,collectivization,political parties′going to the countryside,etc.,power penetration and sinking have been realized;at the level of drawing,necessary industrialization accumulation has been maintained and guaranteed by the policies including planned purchase and marketing by the state,the collection of taxes,the household registration policy,etc.;at the level of activating,the policies such as land contract,villager autonomy and rural vitalization strategy etc.,are implemented to release and activate the vitality of rural development.The changes of the rural governance policies by the CPC over 70 years always center on the course of“state building”with the tension between the state and society as the main line.Both the state and society have developed during the 70 years.