中华人民共和国农村公共服务供给70年:回顾与展望

The Supply of Public Services in Rural Areas over 70 Years of the Founding of te People's Republic of China: Retrospect and Outlook

中华人民共和国成立以来我国农村公共服务供给主要经历了四个阶段:过渡型农业合作化时期(1949-1957)、计划型人民公社运动时期(1958-1984)、真空型制度变革交替时期(1985-2002)和反哺型公共财政覆盖时期(2003年至今)。农村公共服务供给的主体、内容与形式在不同时期表现各不相同。经济基础决定农村供给体系发展程度,央地事权与财权划分影响地方公共服务,"自上而下"供给决策也会产生双面效应。当前我国农村公共服务供给体制中仍存在着基层政府财力与事权不匹配、农村公共服务被边缘化、供需脱节等诸多问题严重阻碍了农村公共服务的健康发展。在当前实施"乡村振兴"发展战略下,统筹城乡公共服务发展需要从合理划分政府事权与财力、加大对农村公共服务财政投入、进一步完善农村公共服务管理机制等路径着手。

Since the founding of the People′s Republic of China,the supply of public services in rural China has experienced four developmental stages,namely,the stage of agricultural cooperation(1949-1957),the stage of people′s commune movement(1958-1984),the stage of institutional reforms(1985-2002)and the stage of public finance′s full coverage(2003 to the present).In different stages,the providers,contents and forms of rural public service supply perform differently.This paper argues that a series of factors influence the supply of rural public services including economic base,the definition of the respective fiscal powers and expenditure responsibilities of the central and local governments,the supply decisions made from the top to bottom.There are still problems in the system of public service supply in rural China,such as the mismatch of fiscal powers and expenditure responsibilities at grassroots governments,the marginalization of the public services in rural areas,the disconnection between supply and demand,which severely hinder the healthy development of rural public services.Under the rural vitalization strategy,to promote the harmonious development of public services between the urban and rural,it is necessary to start with the paths including the rationally defining fiscal powers and expenditure responsibilities of governments,increasing fiscal input in rural public services and further improving the management mechanism of public services in rural areas.