民初美育运动的“情感”与“理性”辩证:跨文化观点

Aesthetic Education: Balancing Scientism

一九二○年的《美育》杂志出了七期,成为一九一七年蔡元培提倡的美育运动的机关刊物。美育运动是一九一○、二○年代新文化运动的一环,知识分子认为晚清以来强调西方科学教育,却并未解决中国的根本问题;唯有文化教育能改造个人,有健全的个人才能组成健全的国家。蔡元培主张,学校的德育应以陶冶情感的美育来取代宗教。《美育》杂志的宗旨则是"用‘艺术教育’来建设一个‘新人生观’并且想救济一般烦闷的青年,改革主智的教育,还要希望用美来代替神祕主义的宗教。"《美育》杂志的创办人为一九一九年成立的中国美育协会成员,皆美术、音乐教师,任教学校包括上海专科师范学校及爱国女学。编辑包括吴梦非、周湘、欧阳予倩、丰子恺等,均对后来的艺术教育影响深远。本文一方面探讨中国美育运动与日本、德国美育运动的跨文化连结,一方面指出美育运动与梁启超、蔡元培主导的人生观派在理念上的合流。

The journal Aesthetic Education,publishing seven issues in 1920,became the organ of the Aesthetic Movement advocated by Cai Yuanpei starting in 1917.The movement was part of the New Culture Movement in 1910s and 1920s China.Intellectuals felt that,with the science education promoted since the late Qing,China had not solved its basic problem;only through cultural education could individuals be transformed,while spiritually healthy individuals were the bases of a strong nation.Cai maintained that moral education in schools should resort to aesthetic education instead of religion.The mission statement of the journal claimed that“By way of the‘education in the fine arts,’we would like to construct‘a new outlook on life’(xin renshengguan),save the depressed youth in general,and reform the education that overemphasizes intellectualism.we hope that aesthetics will replace the mysticism of religions.”The founders of Aesthetic Education were members of the Chinese Association of Aesthetic Education,which was founded in 1919 by art and music teachers of schools all over the country,including Shanghai Normal College of Professional Training(Shanghai Zhuanko Shifan Xuexiao)and The Patriotic Girls’School(Aiguo Niuxue).The editors of the journal included Wu Mengfei,Zhou Xiang,Ouyang Yuqian,and Feng Zikai,who had great influence on the fine arts education in the generations to come.This article emphasizes the transcultural connections between the Chinese Aesthetic Education Movement and its Japanese and German counterparts on the one hand and points out its confluences with the Outlook on Life Movement led by Liang Qichao and Cai Yuanpei.