“于前史为中流砥柱,于后学为蚕丛开山”——章学诚史学思想的历史地位

Retrospective Review of Significant Contributions and Historical Position of ZHANG Xuecheng's Chinese History Research Thought and Paradigm

章学诚在乾嘉经学(考据学)一统天下的时代潮流中,为史学摆脱经学附庸地位、自立主体,慨然发声,发挥了中流砥柱的作用。史学主体地位的确立,根本在于史家主体地位的确立。章学诚在刘知几"史家三长"才、学、识之论的基础之上,更添"史德"一目,最终完成古典中国史家的"学格—人格"建构。章学诚的重要学术创见,是依据学术理路的不同特质,将史学研究区分为"圆而神"的撰述和"方以智"的记注两大宗门。章学诚所谓"圆而神",说的是史学研究中侧重价值性判断的一门,强调灵动的、发散性思维,突显"史意";而"方以智",说的是史学研究中侧重事实性判断的一门,强调规整的、收敛性思维,讲究"史法"。这其间正蕴藏着非常宝贵的史学理论启示:不同宗门的史学著述,应当追求不同的风格与神韵,并行不悖,相得益彰。

Zhang Xuecheng played the role of the mainstay in the tide of the era in which Qianjia Classics ( Textual Research)ruled the world,who spoke for historiography to get rid of the status of the vassal of the study of classics and to establish historiography as an independent subject. The establishment of the subject status of historiography lies fundamentally in the establishment of the subject status of historians. Zhang Xuecheng added the “Historic Moral”on the basis of “Three Merits of Historians”of Liu Zhiji which included “Historic Learning”,“Historic Knowledge”and “Historic Talent”. Finally,he completed the construction of the “Learning-Personality”of classical Chinese historians. The important academic ideas of Zhang Xuecheng were based on the different characteristics of academic theory,distinguishing the study of historiography into the writings of “Harmony and Charm” and the notes of “Rigorous and Organized”.“Harmony and Charm”was a section of historical research that focused on value judgment,emphasizing dynamic and divergent thinking,and highlighting “Historic View”.“Rigorous and Organized”was a section of historical research that focused on factual judgments,emphasizing regular,convergent thinking,and paying attention to “Historic Method”. There was a very valuable historical methodological revelation that different historical writings should pursue different styles and romantic charm.