道德、政治与历史:康德的永久和平论及其内在困难

Morality,politics and history: Kant's theory of perpetual peace and its inner difficulty

《永久和平论》被视为康德政治哲学中极具独创性的部分,但自它诞生起就遭遇了无数的争议。20世纪以降,以施米特和哈贝马斯为代表的学者对它的评价趋向两极化。在施米特看来,永久和平缺乏人性的基础,只会让人类堕落;而在哈贝马斯看来,康德设计的国家联盟理念,对于今天的欧盟和联合国都有巨大的启示意义。在笔者看来,无论是施米特还是哈贝马斯,对《永久和平论》的评价虽然各有道理,但最终都流于片面,忽略了这一理论在康德思想中的复杂性。有鉴于此,本文试图将《永久和平论》置入康德的人性论、宗教理论和历史哲学之中考察,通过还原康德对永久和平的系统思考,力图给出一个既不悖于施米特与哈贝马斯,又与他们有所不同的回答。

The theory of perpetual peace has always been regarded as the most creative part in Kant's political philosophy, and has caused many controversies since it was born. Since the 20th century, its criticism by scholars like Carl Schmitt and Jürgen Habermas has inclined to polarize. In the eyes of Schmitt, the perpetual peace will make human-beings degenerate only because it lacks the foundation of human nature, while Habermas holds that the concept of the national league proposed by Kant has a great inspiration for the present-day European Union and the United Nations. The author of this paper holds that either Schmitt's or Habermas criticism of Kant's perpetual peace which is quite complicated is essentially partial although both seem to be reasonable. Thus, the paper tries to put the theory of perpetual peace in the context of Kant's theory of human nature, philosophy of religion as well as philosophy of history so as to give an answer not in line exactly with but not much different from Schmitt's and Habermas by means of a systematic thinking of Kant's theory of perpetual theory.