“长时段”理论与马克思的唯物史观

Fernand Braudel's Longue Durée and Karl Marx's Historical Materialism

"长时段"理论的提出者布罗代尔认为,是马克思"首先从历史长时段出发,制造了真正的社会模式",马克思主义是19世纪中"最强有力的社会分析"。在马克思唯物史观中,经济、政治及精神或思想文化等各种结构间存在着紧密的依存关系,诸种结构组合为一个有机的整体——人类社会,物质生产活动是这些结构产生、演变的最终动力。而布罗代尔的"长时段"理论,始终未能说明各种结构之间内在的联系以及形成这些结构的原动力为何。布罗代尔的长时段理论非常重视地理环境对人类的"限制"作用,但并不理解马克思关于地理环境首先对人类的物质生产活动产生重要影响,进而影响到社会政治、精神文化等方面的科学思想。年鉴学派另一位学者雅克·勒高夫对于唯物史观及其与长时段理论关系的认识,则存在某些误解,逻辑上亦有不当之处。

Fernand Braudel believes that Marxism offers the most powerful social analysis in the nineteenth century, for it is Karl Marx who first applied the longue durée to a real social model. In the socio-historical theory of Marx s historical materialism, economic structure, political structure, spiritual or ideological and cultural structures and etc. are closely interdependent, which together form a whole organic human society. While there is not any obvious inner relation among these various structures in Braudel s the longue durée , the theory has not been able to explain the driving force for forming these structures. In addition, the longue durée attaches great importance to the “restricted” role of geographical environment in human history. Yet Braudel does not seem to understand Marx s thesis that geographical environment not only greatly influences the material production but also affects the aspects of social politics and spiritual cultures. Another scholar in the Annales School Jacques LeGoff has also had some misconception of the relation between Marxist historical materialism and the longue durée .