人民想象、塑造与教化——论卢梭立法者的立法技艺

People's Imagination,Formation and Enlightenment-on the Legislative Art of Rousseau's Legislator

立法者在卢梭政治思想中占据着重要位置,是其政治理论中不可或缺的一环,不仅关涉卢梭政治思想的解读,更关涉人民主权原则与民主制度之建构。但与此相悖的是,卢梭的立法者理论却未得到应有的重视与讨论。通过经典文本的解读,可从三个方面阐释卢梭的立法者理论:一是立法者与人民主权之间存在着紧张关系,但它使人民主权原则成为可能,弥补了人民集体理性能力的匮乏与公民个体理性能力的不足;二是依据立法技艺的差异,立法者可区分为古代立法者与现代立法者,古代立法者运用宗教和语言艺术实现人民的教化;三是现代立法者在个体理性与科学发展的前提下,通过公共舆论引导人的激情与自尊心,实现人民教化。立法者不仅不与平等和民主原则相违背,反而强化了人民主权原则,为政治共同体的建构增加了可能性。

The legislator occupies an important position in Rousseau's political thought,which is an indispensable part of his political theory,not only related to the interpretation of Rousseau's political thought,but also to the construction of the principle of people sovereignty and the democratic system.But contrary to this,Rousseau's legislator theory has not received the attention and discussion it deserves.Through the interpretation of the classic text,Rousseau's legislator theory can be explained from three aspects:First,there is a tension between the legislator and the people sovereignty,but it makes the principle of the people sovereignty possible,and makes up for the lack of people's collective rational ability and the insufficiency of citizens'individual rational ability.The second is that according to the differences in legislative arts,legislators can be divided into the ancient legislators and the modern legislators.The ancient legislators can use religion and language art to realize the education of the people.Third,under the premise of individual rationality and scientific development,the modern legislators can guide people's passion and self-esteem through public opinion and then realize people's enlightenment.Instead of violating the principles of equality and democracy,the legislator can strengthen the principle of people sovereignty and increase the possibility for the construction of the political community.