天人之际的正统与“异端”——以董仲舒和王充为中心的考察

Orthodoxy and “Heterodoxy” of the Relationship between Heaven and Man:A Focus on Dong Zhongshu and Wang Chong

在天人关系的问题上,"天人合一"的观念被认为是中国传统哲学的主流,但不容忽视的是,"天人相分"的反主流理念也始终存在。在"究天人之际"的过程中,作为儒家正统的董仲舒提出"天人之际,合而为一"的命题,而被称为"异端"思想家的王充提出"人不能以行感天,天亦不随行而应人"的观点。前者明确表达了"天人合一"的思想,后者则体现着"天人相分"的理念,辨析二者在天人之际的异同,便于理解中国传统哲学在天人关系问题上所展现的不同维度。

On the issue of the relationship between Heaven and Man,the concept of“harmony between Heaven and Man”is considered to be the mainstream of traditional Chinese philosophy,but it cannot be ignored that there exists the anti-mainstream philosophy of“disharmony between Heaven and Man”.In the process of exploring the relationship between Heaven and Man,Dong Zhongshu,an orthodox Confucian,put forward the proposition of“harmony between Heaven and Man”,however,Wang Chong,who was called a heterodox thinker,proposed the idea that“Man cannot affect Heaven with his actions,and Heaven will not respond to people’s actions”.The former clearly expresses the idea of“harmony between Heaven and Man”,while the latter embodies the idea of“disharmony between Heaven and Man”.To distinguish the similarities and differences between the two ideas on the relationship between Heaven and Man is conducive to understanding the different directions of traditional Chinese philosophy in the relationship between Heaven and Man.