扬雄《太玄》中的文学批评要素

Literary Criticism Dwelt in the Extreme Profundity Written by Yang Xiong

扬雄的文学批评具有独特的体系,它建立在易学之上而又有所发展。扬雄《太玄》与《周易》有联系,亦有区别。《周易》主张二要素论,《太玄》主张三要素论。《太玄》的三要素即天地人三要素,乃阴阳二要素加上作为批评主体的人。扬雄突出了人在文学批评中的主体作用,并用它建构了一套完整的文学批评的模式,这是扬雄在中国文学批评史上的突出贡献,而且在这一点上西方各国的文学批评家尚无人能与扬雄相比。扬雄在文学创作和学术研究两方面都秉持发展的前进的立场,此可以概括为发展的批评观。扬雄的文学创作客观上为我们提供了一种可供尝试的批评范式:尽可能多地涉道。在《太玄》中,扬雄还建构了四组对偶范畴。

There is a unique system in Yang Xiong’s literary criticism, which is based on the Book of Changes , and which does develop it indeed. The Book of Changes has something to do with the Extreme Profundity written by Yang Xiong, but there are differences between them. The former holds a theory of two elements, the latter a theory of three elements. The heaven, the earth and man are the three elements. This means nothing but the two elements of yin and yang plus another element of man, which serves as the subjectivity of criticism. It is Yang Xiong that protrudes the subjectivity of man which dominates literary criticism and sets up an integrated system of literary criticism. This is a prominent contribution Yang Xiong made to Chinese literary criticism in line of history. At this point no western critics whosoever can match themselves up with Yang Xiong. In both literary creation and academic researches,Yang Xiong has a stance of development and advancement,as may be capsulated into a term,namely,a developmental view of criticism,in that both writers and scholars have in fact criticized their forerunners already,when they push forward any literary creation and academic researches made by those forerunners. Objectively Yang Xiong’s literary creation provides us with a paradigm which we may now boldly have a try,that is,to dig up as many as possible the Taoist elements dwelt in a given work. And what is more, Yang Xiong puts forth, in the Extreme Profundity ,four pairs of antithetical categories.