法律适用的二阶构造——概念与类型的和鸣

Two-stage Structure of Law Application:a Collaboration Between Concept and Type

法律适用二阶构造的图式为概念涵摄+类型验证。其基本路径为:以概念涵摄形成初步结论,在其遇到疑惑或异议时,从法秩序的评价观点对待决个案与法律所拟规范的类型作比较,以确认其为法律原型的亚型、新型,抑或是存在本质差异,从而得出结论。这一图式具有法理上的正当性:作为主流的评价法学不仅重视概念,更应重视类型;法律演进之品格得到承认,类型的应用有助于发展法律;法治就是要以法学方法实现正义。简单案件与疑难案件的区分可以成立,疑难案件是一种主体间性的共识,其发生源于法律的教条化处理结果与正义理念之间的冲突,该类案件重在类型的归入。通过对泸州遗赠案、许霆案两个疑难案件的分析,可以发现,法律适用的二阶构造这一图式不仅具有理论上的意义,而且对于疑难案件具有良好的实践效果。

The two-stage structure of law application comprises the concept subsumption and the type verification.The path is:we first draw a preliminary conclusion by concept subsumption;if the conclusion encounters doubts or objection,we then compare the pending case with the typical case regulated by law from the evaluation point of the law so as to draw another conclusion:subtype,new type,or totally different.This schema is legitimate from three perspectives:evaluation jurisprudence should pay attention to both concept and type;application of type thinking helps the evolution of law;rule of law should be realized by legal method.Accordingly,clear cases and hard cases could easily be distinguished.As a consensus of inter-subjectivity,hard cases come up when dogmas go against justice.These cases can therefore be less hard if we apply the type thinking.We also analyze two hard cases to demonstrate that the twostage structure of law application works well in practice.