水肥一体化研究进展

Review on the Research Progress of Water and Fertilizer Integration

【目的】施肥技术经历了一百多年的发展,目前正处于快速发展阶段。对水肥一体化技术的发展趋势进行了全面的总结和评述,通过减少施肥,减少养分淋失,提高水肥利用率,提高磷、钾等固定元素在土壤中的迁移率。【方法】顾近50年来水肥一体化技术发展。水肥一体化技术具有提高水分和肥料利用率、有利农业生产可持续发展等诸多优点,不仅能大幅降低肥料用量,减少养分如氮素的淋失损失,增强磷、钾等元素在土壤中的移动性,提高其利用效率,而且还对土壤理化性质有较好的改良作用,保持土壤疏松状态,提高土壤孔隙度,不破坏土壤团粒结构,保持良好的通气性能,有利于作物根系生长发育。水溶肥发展处于非常活跃时期,水溶肥开发趋向于高溶解度、高含量、液态化、全营养的方向发展。综述水肥一体化技术推广应用对化肥减施增效具有重要意义。【结果】当前,水肥一体化技术发展面临问题:(1)缺乏根据土壤肥力、作物种类、生长时段等为依据个性化订制肥料的发展;(2)水溶肥理化性状与作物种植技术、水肥一体化设施不匹配;(3)水肥一体化技术推广的广度与深度不够。对水肥一体化技术未来发展的展望:应该充分利用水肥一体化装备的便利条件,加强作物营养管理的科学运筹,加强磷钾肥以追施方式施用技术发展,大力推广加注式比例式施肥技术,以提高施肥的精确性。【结论】加强科学运筹作物营养管理,实施作物生长期动态调控营养管理,推广磷肥以追施的方式施用,使用智能变量施肥管理系统,通过实施水肥一体化技术显著降低化肥用量。

【Objective】 Fertigation technology, which has experienced a development for more than 100 years, is in a rapid growth now. A comprehensive summary and review of the development trend of water-fertilizer integration technology not only can improve the efficiency of water and fertilizer utilization by reducing fertilizer application and decreasing the leaching losses of nutrients, but it can also improve the mobility of phosphorus, potassium and other immobile elements in soil.【Methods】Looking back on the development of water and fertilizer integration technology in the past 50 years, the water and fertilizer integration technology had many advantages, such as increasing water content and fertilizer utilization rate, and being conducive to the sustainable development of agricultural production, which could not only greatly reduce fertilizer use, decrease the loss of nutrients such as nitrogen leaching, enhance the mobility of phosphorus, potassium and other elements in the soil, improve their utilization efficiency, but also improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil, maintain soil loose state, improve soil porosity. All these were beneficial to the growth and development of crop root system without destroying the soil granular structure and at the same time, good ventilation performance was maintained. The development of water-soluble fertilizer is in a very active period. The development of water-soluble fertilizer tends to the direction of high solubility, high content, liquid state and total nutrition. The popularization and application of integrated water and fertilizer technology is of great significance for reducing fertilizer application and increasing efficiency.【Results】At present, the development of fertigation is faced with problems:(1) lack of customized fertilizers based on soil fertility, crop types and growth periods;(2) no matching of the physical and chemical characteristics of water-soluble fertilizer with crop planting technology and fertigation facilities;(3) insufficiency of the breadth and depth of the popularization of fertigation. When prospecting for the future development of fertigation technology: it is necessary(i) to strengthen the scientific operation and planning of crop nutrition with the convenient conditions of fertigation equipment;(ii) to strengthen the application of total fertigation on phosphate and potash;and(iii) vigorously to promote the technology of proportional inject fertilization to improve the precision of fertilization.【Conclusion】We should strengthen the scientific management of crop nutrition, implement the dynamic regulation and control of nutrition management in crop growth period, popularize the application of phosphate fertilizer in the way of after-application, use intelligent variable-rate fertilization management system, and significantly reduce the use of fertilizer by implementing the integrated technology of water and fertilizer.