从满文文献视角观察清代满语文政策及其施行效应

An Analysis of the Policies of Manchu Literature in Qing Dynasty and Its Effects from the Perspective of Manchu Documents

清代,满族作为少数民族入主中原,为维护其统治,必须吸取元明等前朝教训,更好地协调民族关系。清统治者从"后金"立国初期就开始了对汉文化的引进、学习并吸取营养。自满文创制以后,满汉之间的交流变得更加密切。入关定国之初,在复杂的环境下,为了既抚民安民,又保持"八旗本色",清统治者一方面"崇儒重道",另一方面积极推行"国语骑射",这样,特殊的历史、民族和政策因素的多重作用,满文文献也表现出极为特殊的发展脉络,反过来折射出清代"国语骑射",特别是"国语"政策在不同时代的施行效果。

In the Qing Dynasty, the Manchu entered the Central Plains as a minority. In order to maintain its rule, they must draw lessons from Yuan Dynasty and Ming Dynasty to better coordinate relations among different ethnic groups. The Qing rulers began to introduce, learn and absorb the nutrition of Han culture from the early stage of “The Later Jin Dynasty”. Since the creation of Manchu language, the communication between Manchu and Han has become closer. The Qing rulers must appease the people and maintain the identity of “Eight Banners” in a complex environment at the beginning of the entry into the Central Plains. One hand, the Qing rulers “worship and emphasize Confucianism”, an they actively promote “Manchu language and riding-shooting” on the other hand. By this way, the special historical, ethnic and policy factors play multiple roles. Manchu Literature also shows a very special development context, which in turn reflects the Qing Dynasty’s “Manchu language and riding-shooting”. Especially the “Manchu language” policy implementation effect in different ages.